Dictatorship VS Democracy - Benito Mussolini :: Italy Dictator Politics Government

IntroductionDictatorship is a type of Government. The leader rules al integrity or in a small group. The dictator is usually a commoner and their rule is not limited by law. The people have no legal right to influence government and they may be in danger if they choose to do so. The aim of this report is to describe the political system of Italy. To explain the changes that has occurred by changing Italys political system and to evaluate the consequences of this change. reach - ItalyBenito Mussolinis came from Italy. Italy is slightly larger than Arizona, is a long peninsula shaped like a boot, surrounded on the west by the Tyrrhenian Sea and on the east by the Adriatic. It is bounded by France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia to the north. The Apennine Mountains form the peninsulas backbone, the Alps form its northern boundary. The largest of its many northern lakes is Garda the Po, its principal river, flows from the Alps on Italys western border and crosses the L ombard plain to the Adriatic Sea. some(prenominal) islands form part of Italy, the largest are Sicily and Sardinia (See fig 1). The population of Italy is 58,147,733. Because Bentio was quite popular it was easy for him to rise to the power.The DictatorMussolini was born on July 29, 1883 in Dovia di Predappio in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. Benito one of Alessandro Mussolini and Rosa Maltonis three children. Despite having two incomes in the household, the Mussolini?s were poor, as were many families in Italy at this time. He was named Benito after Mexican reformist chairwoman Benito Jurez. His mother was a teacher and his father, a blacksmith and a socialist activist. In 1891, Mussolini was banned from his local church for throwing stones at the congregation after Mass. Mussolini had never been baptized, and scarce would be in 1927. He was then sent to boarding school. Later that year and at age 11 was expelled for stabbing a fellow learner in the hand and throwing an in kpot at a teacher.Mussolini rose to his power by propaganda and he organized a march in 1922 through capital of Italy with 26 000 followers. Mussolini then convinced the King and the people of Italy to make him Prime Minister of Italy.

Cloning is Not What it Used to Be :: Cloning Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Cloning is Not What it Used to Be On Sunday, February 23, 1997, sparing researchers broke one of naturesgreatest laws by copy a lamb from a single cell of an adult ewe. Thisbreakthrough opens the door to the possibility for the cloning of other mammalsincluding humans. This remarkable achievement is being looked at as a great advancement inanimal agriculture. But this achievement could lead to honourable questions ofstandard. Researchers lead by Ian Wilmut of the Roslin Institute in Midlothian,Scotland, showed that a fully differentiated cell from the mammary tissue of anewe could be manipulated in such a look as to produce a genetically identicalcopy of the animal that the DNA was acquired. Scientist long believed that once a cell became differentiated, thatmost of its approximately 100,000 genes fill up off. Only a few genes remainedactive to allow the cell to perform its specific function of life. All effortsto reactivate the shut-off genes have failed. English researchers h ave came the imminent by teasing frog body cells to develop into tadpoles. The tadpoles,however, never matured into frogs. The Scottish researchers have failed many times with sheep cells beforetheir success, but the task was hone and accomplished. Now thisaccomplishment has made it possible for the cloning of almost any mammal,including humans. To the average person, exactly how the technique works is unclear.Scientist predicted that by making cells dormant and rescue them close todeath, something happens to break the chemical locks (barriers) that keep mostof the genes inactive. The mammary cell is inserted into an unfertilized sheepegg cell that has already had all of its own genetic significant removed. Byfusing the cells together tricks the egg into thinking that it has becomefertilized. After being fused together, researchers believe that the chemicalmachinery inside the egg cell goes to work to reprogram the mammary cell genesinto starting over again, as if they were broug ht together as sperm and egg.The cell divides, produces an embryo, fetus and a newborn that is identical tothe animal from which it was cloned. Although the United States administration prohibits government funds beingspent on human cloning research, and ethicists decry it, nevertheless, humancloning could be achieved, Neal First said. First is a professor of animalbiotechnology and reproductive biology at the University of Wisconsin. Overall, there is no apparent reason to clone humans. A duplicate bodydoes not believe a duplicated mind.

Essays --

Role of Open Design in EngineeringBefore I slit teaching you all Industrial Revolution, I have a question?. My history teacher drifted towards the blackboard and wrote - Who invented the Steam Engine?I raised my reach out promptly. Yes, Ankit. I stood up - James Watt, maamYou are correct. It was the invention of Steam Engine by James Watt that changed the world and led to the industrial revolution. I gave a equanimous smile and took my seat. Boldrin and Levine mentioned in their book Against Intellectual Monopoly how James Watt got the idea of allowing steam to expand and condense in separate containers while repairing a small Newcomen steam engine. In 1768, he applied for a patent on the idea after doing a series of improvements. He spent the neighboring six months working hard to obtain his patent, made an alliance with the rich industrialist Matthew Boulton and even secured an act of Parliament extending his patent until the year 1800. In the name of scotch freedom, the great statesman Edmund Burke spoke eloquently in Parliament against the creation of this unnecessary ...

Digital Television :: essays research papers fc

Digital TelevisionOn November 1, 1998 computer companies, television set makers, broadcasters, and program suppliers have make a transition from analog to digital television. When the FCC passed a law forcing the networks to change from an analog broadcast to a digital broadcast, all the above menti mavend industries have been scrambling to bushel a jump on their competition. The picture and sound qualities of digital TV broadcasts are the best on Earth. However, at this moment cost remains a big problem. You can spend anywhere from $6,000 to $10,000 at the present time (Booth 80). Once the cost is driven down over the next few years, the bonny citizen will be able to experience the advantages of digital TV.Digital TV will allow for a wider screen display, like those screens in movie theaters, and a sharper picture. What causes this perk is the fact that digital signals have a higher bit rate. This allows for more bits to be transmitted into the TV (cable, antenna, or satellite). The more bits a TV can transmit, the better the picture or screen resolution. The digital TV signal can carry as many as 19.4 megabits of data, which doer a broadcaster can mix multiple programs of varying bit sizes onto a single channel. Say youre watching a football game, since matchless camera view only uses up so many bits, you can select a different camera angle while watching the very(prenominal) game on the same channel. It is possible for a network, like NBC, to show two different programs at the same time on the same channel. Conceivably, if the hot seat in on, you can watch regular scheduled programming.With the introduction of the digital TV, the introduction of WebTV is upon us. One will be able to surf the internet through and through the television instead of using their computer. That is how the computer industry is involved in the digital TV. What companies like Sony and Microsoft hope to do is combine the TV and PC into one unit. They believe they can diminish t he lines between consumer electronics and computers. Ultimately, both companies would like to make things more convenient and interface both industries. This will force computer companies and television makers to get on the ball and compete with these two corporate giants.What will the transition to digital TV be like? Like any in the buff radical product transition, the changeover will take some time.

The Profound Ideas of Honore de Balzacs Pere Goriot Essay -- Balzac P

The Profound Ideas of Honore de Balzacs Pere GoriotHonore de Balzac published Pere Goriot in 1834 (1), one of the outstanding novels in his birds-eye study of Parisian life, the Human Comedy. Throughout Pere Goriot, Balzacs narrator oscillates among the roles of social historian and moralist. Although the presence of both observer and commentator may initially expect mutually exclusive, it also is a large part of what makes this novel interesting and entertaining. Balzacs readers, as flesh-and-blood humans, do not segregate perception and judgment routinely in their everyday lives. By packaging profound ideas in a way similar to natural human expectation, Balzacs narrator achieves an especially comfortable and effective sonority with readers. One of the central threads of Pere Goriot is the story of Eugene de Rastignacs rise from provincial obscurity to success in Paris. Along the way he learns much near Parisian society and human nature. In the following passage from Pere Gorio t, Rastignac pursues success through fashionable dress Eugene had begun to realize the influence a tailor can make out over a young mans life. He is either a mortal enemy or a friend, and alas, there is no middle term between the two extremes. Eugenes tailor was one who understood the paternal aspect of his trade and regarded himself as a hyphen between a young mans past and future. The congenial Eugene was eventually to make the mans fortune by one of those remarks at which he was in later years to excel I know two pairs of his trousers that yield each made matches worth twenty thousand francs a year. Fifteen hundred and fifty francs, and all the clothes he cared to have At this put the poor southerner felt all doubts van... ...ank and the English mathematician Charles Babbage developed the analytical engine, precursor to the modern computer. 2 This quote from Henry Reeds 1962 translation, pages 99-100. (Honore de Balzac. Pere Goriot. unseasoned York Penguin Books, 1981) 3 The fierceness is mine. 4 Daedalus was a great inventor in Greek mythology who escaped from prison with his son, Icarus, by flying away on wings of feathers and wax. Not heeding the advice of his functional father, Icarus dared to fly close to the glorious sun. The wax wings melted, and Icarus plunged to his death in the sea below. 5 A corollary is that no one who hasnt been to the provinces knows a thing about human life, for a person who lives only in the city will also have a skewed perception. Work CitedHonore de Balzac. Pere Goriot. Translated by Henry Reed. New York Penguin Books, 1981.

Adversity and What We Gain From It :: Personal Narratives Sports Medicine Essays

Adversity and What We Gain From ItIn all parts of life there are periods of adversity that we must face, the real challenge how of all time, is what and how we gain from contain those trials. There have been many times that I have been faced with adversity, it has happened in all aspects of my life at one time or another. Whether it is driveings with the ups and downs of hockey or balancing the pressure that comes with an elite hockey schedule and high school, there are always obstacles. Some of these challenges can bring some positive effects that influence the path of ones life. In one such experience of mine, the amount of adversity was not near as great as the positive out come that came from my experience. It happened when I was thirteen, I suffered a hockey injury that helped me to realize the area I wanted to field of battle and hopefully have career in. The time it took me to rehabilitate my articulatio humeri was a time of great learning for me but it also came with a g reat deal of adversity. It was an injury that sidelined me for weeks while at the same time pushed me on my way to a new work ethic and a new enthusiasm for learning. When I was in grade seven, I was playing my second year of peewee hockey and playing for my junior high school team as well. The junior high league allowed checking and the peewee league did not. Because of this I was not accustomed to the new aspect of hockey brought on by checking. I was injured in an intense game against our rival junior high, which was filled with plenty of checking. I was on the receiving end of a brutal check from behind which is something not permitted in any league, the player that hit me received a penalty and a game expulsion. I tried to continue playing but it was no use, I was barely able to raise my arm. I ended up in the hospital where the doctor informed me that I had severely dislocated my left shoulder and would have to miss up to three weeks of play. I had never been forced to miss h ockey because of an injury before and it was the worst news I had ever heard. The time I missed from hockey was one of the most difficult periods I had been through up to that point.

Adversity and What We Gain From It :: Personal Narratives Sports Medicine Essays

Adversity and What We Gain From ItIn all parts of life there are periods of adversity that we must face, the real challenge how incessantly, is what and how we gain from inhibit those trials. There have been many times that I have been faced with adversity, it has happened in all aspects of my life at one time or another. Whether it is relations with the ups and downs of hockey or balancing the pressure that comes with an elite hockey schedule and high school, there are always obstacles. Some of these challenges can bring almost positive effects that influence the path of ones life. In one such experience of mine, the amount of adversity was not near as great as the positive out come that came from my experience. It happened when I was thirteen, I suffered a hockey injury that helped me to realize the area I wanted to choose and hopefully have career in. The time it took me to rehabilitate my raise was a time of great learning for me but it also came with a great incubate of ad versity. It was an injury that sidelined me for weeks while at the same time pushed me on my way to a new work ethic and a new enthusiasm for learning. When I was in grade seven, I was playing my second year of peewee hockey and playing for my third-year high school team as well. The junior high league allowed checking and the peewee league did not. Because of this I was not accustomed to the new aspect of hockey brought on by checking. I was injured in an intense game against our rival junior high, which was filled with plenty of checking. I was on the receiving end of a brutal check from behind which is something not permitted in any league, the player that hit me received a penalty and a game expulsion. I tried to continue playing but it was no use, I was barely able to raise my arm. I ended up in the hospital where the doctor informed me that I had severely dislocated my left shoulder and would have to miss up to three weeks of play. I had never been forced to miss hockey becaus e of an injury before and it was the worst news I had ever heard. The time I missed from hockey was one of the most difficult periods I had been through up to that point.

Child and young persons development Essay

There be three main areas of nipper break inment. These are physiological, communication and intellectual and affectionate, emotional and behavioural developing. The physical stop takes place naturally but barbarianren must get hold of opportunities to develop their natural skills. Children will motivating wear to develop their gross and fine labour skills. Gross motor skills use the large muscles in the ashes, arms and legs, for example crawling, offering and throwing. Fine motor skills use the smaller muscles in the fingers for example victimisation a pencil, fastening buttons and using a knife and fork. The communication and intellectual area of discipline concerns a small frys language skills and learning ability. The number of opportunities and experiences a pincer has been given from an early stage hatful make an affect on the intellectual development of a tiddler. The nature versus nurture debate describes two contrasting theories of a childs intellect ual development.Some psychologists believe that a childs intellectual ability is something that they are born with, nature. While other psychologists believe that a childs intellectual development is dependent on the opportunities that they have been given, nurture. How a child feels ab bulge itself, others and the confidence they gain are all portion of their social, emotional and behavioural development. During this development stage a child will learn about the kinds of behaviour that are acceptable and how to become to a greater extent unconditional. For a child to develop to the best of their ability they will need to have a secure environment where they feel safe. Physical developmentFrom 0-3 years is a flow of great physical development. In their first year a child will develop from having rattling little control over their body to universe able to sit up, roll, crawl and hold objects. A child will start to walk, climb and bump with a ball in their wink year. As the ab ility to control their movement becomes greater they will be able to hold smaller objects, feed themselves and take off to dress themselves. In their third gear year a child will be able to turn pages in a book, use a cup, use crayons and pencils more efficaciously and walk and run more confidently. It is during this eon that they will enjoy using more physical toys like tricycles and scooters. Between the ages of 3-7 a childs physical development means their movements are straightway more coordinated. The skills they have already developed have become more lithe so they mass now write, draw and use scissors.Theycan also now catch a ball, pedal a bike, hop and skip. The child continues to grow and refine their skills during the ages of 7-12. It is during this stage that they often take up a hobby, for example football or dancing, and the skills that are required by that hobby are further developed. Their fine motor skills become much more controlled which now allows them to b e able to sew or land an instrument. Some girls whitethorn start to show the early signs of puberty. Between the ages of 12-16 a child goes through adolescence. During this period they grow stronger, taller and their weight will increase. around girls will have g iodine through puberty in this stage and boys will be starting to go through it. As all children go through puberty at different times there will be a great fight in strength and height of different children. On average by the end of this stage unremarkably boys are taller than girls. It is during this stage in development that a young person will be more likely to master a skill. At the age of 16-19 a young person is now an adult. Most girls would have reached physical maturity by this stage but boys will continue to physically develop until they are in their mid 20s. conference and intellectual developmentAs soon as a child is born they begin to learn the skills of communication when adults talk and sing to them. It is beta that they are stimulated because they can experience awkwardies with communication in later livelihood if they are non. From the age of one a child will begin to speak, individual words at first but by the age of two they whitethorn begin to form simple sentences. Their vocabulary will increase quickly, so they may have a vocabulary of around 200 words. By the age of three a child will start to use plurals and negatives in their speech. As the child becomes more social between the ages of 3-7 they begin to use familiar phrases and expressions. They will start to necessitate questions and use past and future tense. A childs intellectual development during this stage includes learning to read and improving their writing, drawing and number skills.During the ages of 7-12 years a childs communication and intellectual development continues to refine skills they have already developed. Most children are now fluent speakers and their reading and writing skills continue to imp rove. They are now able to process information more effectively and can reason with others. This stage of development allows them to use more abstract ways to develop their ownideas. From the age of 12 to the age of 18 a young person will begin to get a clearer idea of what subjects they like and they will become more motivated in these subjects. They also begin to develop a clear preference for art or science and start to question sources of information. They may begin to try and avoid subjects they do not like or show a lack of confidence in them. It is important that during this stage of communication and intellectual development young people feels levelheaded about themselves and that they feel a sense of belonging. By the ages of 16-19 the young person is leaving school. They will be looking at their strengths and ways to continue to develop these so they can use them for their future.Social. Emotional and behavioural developmentThe social, emotional and behavioural stage of d evelopment for a child between the ages of 0 3 years will include the child smiling, gazing, forming strong attachments, with parents at first, and using a comforter like a dummy or a blanket. During this stage a child may become assistance seeking, reluctant to share and start having temper tantrums. The tantrums are usually because of frustration and wanting to be more independent. Social, emotional and behavioural development is more prevalent from the age of three up to the age of twelve. Between the ages of 3-7 a child will begin to play with others rather than playing alongside them, parallel play. They will begin to form friendships, socialise and use imaginative play. A child will enjoy being independent and having responsibility but they will start to seek adult approval. During this stage of development it is important that a child learns about boundaries, what they are, why they are important and why they are necessary.Firm friendships are developed where the children ar e gameive of each other between the ages of 7- 12 years. Children will usually play in groups of children of the same sex and they will be more aware of what other people think of them. They will develop a sense of what is overcompensate and wrong and they will be uncertain of either changes in their surroundings. It is important that during this stage of development they are given activities that require them to become more independent and they continue to receive praise and encouragement. Between the ages of 12 16 friendships become very important to a young person, they begin to spend more time with their friends and want more independence. They may experiencepeer drag, feeling pressured from their friends to do something or act in a certain way. During this stage in development a young persons self esteem can be very slight, this is due to the changes in their body due to puberty.They will begin to become very concerned about what other people think about them. Young people may feel under a great deal of pressure because of the increase in expectations of them as they are growing up and they may not be aware of how to behave in some situations. It is important to recollect during this stage that even though they may begin to look like an adult a young person will still need direction and advice. From the age of 16-19 the young person becomes an adult but they will still need advice as they lack experience in some(prenominal) areas of life. The way in which people interact and their emotional maturity will vary between different people. It is important to remember that development is a holistic process and the milestones previously described are a broad average.Every child is unique and develops at their own rate some children may hit the milestone earlier than others, some may hit them a little later than others A childs development may be split into three main areas but these areas are not independent of each other. All three areas of development are linked for example a child who is good at football has refined a physical skill which will enable him to socialise more and grow in confidence. It is also often the case that a child who is a low achiever has social, emotional or behavioural problems.A childs development can be affected by different factors including their background, health, and the environment that they grow up in. Children in schools can come from many different backgrounds and cultures. During their time at school a lot of children will experience changes in their home life this could include illness, family break up and moving house. All these can affect a childs development in different areas. I currently work with a child who is 9 years old and the second youngest in a family of four. The children were taken from the family home three years ago because their parents had alcohol problems, which were affecting the wellbeing of the children. This childs background has greatly affected their development in a number of ways. Their development in social and behavioural areas has been affected, as they are very confrontational and disruptive.They findfriendships quite difficult, as they tend to be controlling. They are a low achiever their literacy and reading levels are lower than expected this may be because they have not received any support from home or had the opportunity to read to anybody. A child who suffers from a physical disability, impairment or ill health can have developmental problems. Their disability or impairment may mean that they cannot engage in certain activities which may desexualise what social activities they can participate in. they may have problems with their fine motor skills meaning that they would find holding a pen or pencil difficult. If a child is absent from school a lot because of illness they may find it hard to catch up on the work they have lost(p) and they may find making firm friendships difficult. It is important that adults within a school are aware of the problems these pupils pillowcase so that they can support them in the best way possible.Children who come from a background of deprivation and poverty are more likely to have problems achieving in school. The childs parents would have difficulty managing the needfully of their child, which would have an affect on their development. The child may not have access to books to help with reading and other materials that would support their studies at school. Development may be affected in a child who has been experiencing a different method of schooling, such as home schooling or a child with no previous education for instance if they have come from another country where formal education does not start until a later age. This child would need additional support until they have settled in school. If a child is in care this may affect their development. Their social, emotional and behavioural development will be affected but the school will monitor them closely and put into place any support that they feel is necessary.Every child or young person will go through a period of change, transition, while they are at school. There are school-based transitions such as changing class along with a change of teacher also changing key stage. The biggest school-based transition that a child will have to face is moving from primary school up to secondary school. During their school life they will also face personal transitions as they go through puberty. When children go through, or are coming up to a transition period they should be given lots of opportunities to talk about what is happening or dismission tohappen. They should be able to ask questions that will help them be as informed as possible. Being informed can help minimise any negative affects transitions may have on a childs developmentThere are some transitions that not every child will experience. These transitions are usually unexpected and the child may not prepared for it. These transitions could in clude parental separation, bereavement, a parent changing their partner, moving house, reinvigorated sibling, illness or taint and a change of carer. Parents should inform the school if something has happened or is going to happen that could have an affect on their child so the school can support the child where necessary. As a member of staff you have to be aware that this does not always happen, if you notice that a child begins to behave out of character then you must inform other members of staff of your concerns. If you work with a child who is experiencing parental separation this could affect the child in many ways but it is important to remember when speaking with the parents you must be sensitive. Bereavement for a child can be very traumatic. Schools usually have procedures in place that will help guide the staff in the best ways to support the child while they go through this difficult period.A child whose parent has recently changed partner can be greatly affected by t he change. How often the child sees their absent parent and how the new partner is introduced to them will affect how big the impact of this transition will be on the child. In this situation you will need to be sensitive when talking to the childs parents. Moving house can be quite exciting for some children, especially those who are not having to change schools but for children who are it can be a very daunting time. If a child has just started at school after moving into the area the child will need support until they have settled into their new school.A new sibling can have an affect on children, particularly young children. Having to vie for their parents attention can be difficult to cope with for some children, especially if it is for the first time. A child will need support if they or their loved one becomes ill or injured. They will need support until they become used to the change in their circumstances however long or short that may be. If a child you are working with is in care they may find it difficult to cope with if they have a change of carer. School and social services work very closely with eachother in these circumstances and would be able to support and advise any staff that work with the child.Transitions can affect children in many different ways. They may become withdrawn and quiet, attention seeking, very anxious or they could start behaving uncharacteristically. It is very important that children feel secure in other areas of their life and that they are supported during any transitions. They should be given opportunities to talk about how they are feeling and to ask any questions they may have. If the children are aware of what is going to happen and prepared it can lessen the negative affects that the transition may have. If you know that a child or a group of children are going to experience a transition, such as a change of class, teacher, school or even academic term exams, then you can plan ahead on how best to support them du ring this period. Transitions can be very traumatic for children so it is vital that they receive support or there social and emotional development can be affected.

Smartphones Effect on Teenagers

Josh Frint Lawrence ENG 1113 26 September 2012 Essay 1 Smartphones Impact on Todays students Today, smartphones ar in the hands of almost every student. It has become so common that young children atomic number 18 starting to ask their parents for one. Although nobody can deny the efficiency to find and use information fast on a smartphone, many people feel students should not have one. These smartphones are effecting verbal communication, writing skills, as well as increasing laziness in our students. Verbal communication is increasingly becoming a problem in todays nightclub and it is because of smartphones.Our generation is known as the schoolbooking generation. These days, students talk to their friends using text messages or calling. This takes away our ability to talk to someone face to face. It affects college graduates not being confident enough to present themselves properly in an interview with a future employer. Texting interaction leaves out basic skills like, clear speaking, body language, eye connectedness with the person to whom they are speaking too, and the ability to listen and stay focused on what the person is saying.More and more these days students go to their phones or computers when needing to write an essay. Students hunting Google and various other search engines to help find the most up to date information, although the information is handy and very tempting, it is creating pure laziness in todays society. These smartphones direct encyclopedias, dictionaries and as we all know, the internet. There is no exerted effort into collecting this information, students are too lazy to choose a book and quite frankly, some exactly dont have time.Also, students are being distracted by cellphones. It is causing lack of focus and discipline. Often times students will sit see to study and all of the sudden hear their phone go off, and theyll get self-indulged into the conversation and no longer continue to study. Students are becoming u nable to undertake on the task at hand would rather be using their phones to be texting friends, updating their Facebook statuses or even Re-Tweeting what their best friend ate for dinner.Writing skills are on the free fall, and it is all because of our students use of smartphones. Think about it, back in the day, society would take pride in being able to read and write, it was a hobby and many people did it for fun. Today, writing is frowned upon by any student. Our writing skills have vanished due to our lack of proper English usage. Students send text messages that would even confuse Shakespeare like OMG or LOL. Essays are now a problem for students because they lack the ability to think in depth.Through text messages we get true(p) to the point and do not have the meaningful, in depth conversation that people have face to face. Smartphones are here, and arent going anywhere. In fact, the engineering will likely become more advanced and more easily accessible to our students, w hich is fine, as long as those advancements arent being abused by our students. Parents and schools play a vital role in fixing this problem, parents must show children the appropriate use of smartphones, and schools must continue to create ways to light upon around the path of technology.

Cash and Working Capital Essay

1. What ar four general phases of the working capital cycle? Four general phases of working cycle area. Purchasing of resources relates to the acquisition of supplies and labor, much(prenominal) as the level of inventory necessary to maintain realistic production schedules and the staff required to ensure adequate provision of advantages. b. Production/sale of service health care services, no inventory. c. Billing refers to the release or discharge of a patient and the generation of a bill. d. Collection the generation of a bill and the true collection of the cash from the patient or the patients third-party payer.2. What are the three primary sources of short-term notes?Three primary sources of short-term funds area. Single-payment loan a loan that requires the payment repaid at the end of its duration instead of in monthly installments.b. Line of identification agreement that permits a smashed to borrow up to a specified limit during a defined loan period.c. Revolving credit agreement similar to a line of credit except that it is usually for a period longer than 1 year.Look morenon normal cash springs essay3. An organizations short-term investment options for idle cash include what four areas? List and provide their characteristicsa. Short-term working capital needs a business needs funds to plow the standard and usual expenses associated with the operation of the company. It is safe to assume that most healthcare firms should carry approximately 20 days of expected cash transactions at any point in time to meet normal short-term working capital needs for cash. However, it is not safe to say that a not-for-profit healthcare firm would need only 20 days of cash.b. Capital investment needs a non-profit healthcare organization needs funds to finance reclamation and renovation of existing capital assets as well as investment in new product and service line areas. Different from taxable firm and investor-owned healthcare firm, the organization must rout inely set aside funds for replacement and the amount of money reserved depends on percentageof debt financing to be used and projected future levels of capital expenditures.c. Contingencies a business needs funds to handle unexpected demands for cash flow, also called contingency funds. The amount of money reserved reflects the companys tolerance of risk.d. Supplement Operating Earnings non-profit healthcare organization needs funds to provide a dependable flow of investment earnings that contribute be used to supplement expected weaknesses in operating earnings. This helps to prevent significant deterioration and weak operating rim in operating earnings.4. Discuss the term float.Float is a brief moment in the banking system where money is counted twice due to delays in impact checks. When a check is deposited, the bank credits a customers account and that is when float is created. However, it could take a couple of days for the check to be received and clear by the payers bank. During this floating time, the amount on the check appears in both the payee and payers account. Also, float can be available shares in a company for trading. These shares are making available to the general public for trading and the company is not liable for how the shares are being traded.ReferencesCleverley, W.O., Cleverley, J.O., Song, H.S. (2011). Essentials of Healthcare Finance (7th Edition). Sudbury, MA Jones & Bartlett Learning. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.investopedia.com/terms/w/workingcapital.asp (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capital-investment.asp Tatum, M. (2003). What is short-term working capital?. In B. Harris (Ed.), Copyright saved 2003-2014 Conjecture Corporation.

Persuasive Message Framing Health And Social Care Essay

The writer argue that, in the context of urging social alterations, pass on soma deal be used as virtuoso of communicating schemes in social exchange context. By utilizing means bordering attack, public communicating piece of tail be presented in footings of the benefits ( additions ) or costs ( losingss ) inclose associated with a peculiar conduct. Research shows that bordering of much(prenominal)(prenominal) smooth-tongued mental objects influences more(prenominal) than than societal determinations. Peoples head for the hills to stay rack up hazards when sing additions or benefits, and t final stage to prefer hazards when sing losingss or costs.This paper investigates the nature of message flesh, the taxonomy of message close in effects and alternate strains of message bordering presentation. The writer explored the dissimilarial effects amidst ban and incontrovertible frame message, the context in which message bordering surveies much more return been conducted and the account by which message frame of reference could act upon quite a little s attitude, purpose and conduct.It is concluded that the message bordering surveies had been conducted in a broad assortment of wellness communicating context and can be expanded to many former(a) societal alterations contexts. The first derivative effects betwixt blackball and positive inclose messages were exist because of 1. The antithetical penchants ab tabu hazard, 2. The asymetry between negatively charged and positive information and the charge of moderator variables. The persuasion which happened in message bordering presentation pass on act upon good deal s information processing in three stairss 1. The sum of c atomic number 18 directed to the message influence the grade to which it is integrated into a mental standard of the issue, 2. Peoples differ in their receptiveness to the peculiar frame advocated by the message, establish on both their experience and current a ssign of affairs, and 3. The influence of a peculiar frame on existent demeanour depends on the sensed symbolize of the advocated deportment. Aditional questi wholenesss may be involve to make up ones mind what sort of shut in message and situational and dis inclineal moderator variables that congruous for the specific context of societal job.Cardinal words societal exchange, message framing, attitude and persuasion.1IntroductionAb tabu every state faces societal jobs in their day-to-day liveness. Health issues such as advancing peck to avoid familial diseases, carrying batch to halt unhealthy life manner ( e.g. smoke, drug and intoxicant dependence ) , advancing population to forestall deathly diseases ( e.g. malignant neoplastic disease ) and doing plate program, atomic number 18 parts of these jobs. Decreasing energy supply is besides one of the jobs that gather up people to execute energy preservation doings. Significant blasts ar acquireed to carry people to halt blowing their energy ingestion. The increasing traffic denseness besides require people to alter their drive and siting behaviour to be more carefully and safely in order to distinguish tear the traffic accident rate. In short, in that location are many public attitudes and behaviours needed to be changed to work out the societal jobs.Solving societal jobs affecting societal alterations. It means altering single and group life wont by transforming their pernicious behaviours toward more productive one, altering attitudes and values of the community and the whole society and making new societal tehcnolgy in order to increase quality of life 1 . However, altering human behaviour is non an easy thing and it possibly the or so debatable issue in human relation.The Role of Social interchange in Solving Social ProblemsIn order to accomplish the expected status in a society that full of societal jobs, it is expected that marketing instance non merely focuses on profit-orien ted companies but besides accommodates the societal dimensions of the society. The jobs such as pollution control, public transit, instruction, drug maltreatment, safe drive, household purposening and public wellness, need advanced solutions and attacks to derive populace s attending and support.The troubles found by societal sellers to pass on their thoughts and societal ends have been the concern of the interchange experts for a long clip. To suffice these phenomena, Kotler and Zaltman 1 argue that marketing attacks can be used to work out specific societal jobs by implementing the selling rules such as analysing, planning and commanding the jobs of societal alterations. The selling constructs and techniques can be used efficaciously to advance single and group to execute recomended behaviour. Social selling is a promising model to program and implement the societal alterations. Kotler and Zaltman 1 define societal selling as a design, execution and control of plans carrie d out to act upon the standableness of societal thoughts that involved merchandise design, pricing, communicating, distribution and selling research. However, using the societal selling program attack does non intend that the societal ends get out be automatically achieved because it merely develops a mechanism which relates the experts cognition on human behaviour and the execution of the recommended cognition which brings good cause to the society.Different from Kotler and Zaltman, Andreasen 2 positions societal selling as the attempts to act upon the mark audience s behaviour. Harmonizing to Andreasen, societal selling is the version of commercial selling engineering onto the analysis, planning, executing and paygrade plans which designates to act upon the behaviour of the mark audience to better their ain mental and physical life and/or the society in which they live. Harmonizing to Andreasen, the footing of societal selling is to alter one s behaviour. Social selling is related to behavioral mentality. It stressed on instruction and propaganda plan that merely will be usefull if brings behavioural alterations. It is interesting to societal alterations practicioners as could partly evolve why people do certain behaviour.The consumer s behavior attack, harmonizing to Andreasen 2 , can be employ in societal selling issues. The outgrowth of exchange theory is the chief stimulation to marketing faculty members to spread out the constructs of consumer s behaviour and selling such as the usage of seat belt, blood giver, etc. Promoting the consumers to donate their blood, for case, does non affect offering merchandises or services, nor does it affect payment to be done by the consumers. However, it will convey many benefits for the quality of life of the society if the recomended behaviours were performed.Theories and theoretical accounts for societal selling abound, with small formal consensus on which types of theoretical accounts for what types of societal selling jobs in what sorts of state of affairss are most appropriate 3 . The basic constructs of societal selling involve alterations. Social sellers try to act upon otherwise s behaviour which consists of 2 a. get downing certain behaviour, b. halting certain behaviour, c. altering certain behaviour. The get downing point of behavior class opens a assure of research chances in the field of battle of societal selling such as disease bar, early sensing of diseases, birth control ( to get down a certain behaviour ) , the danger of smoke ( to halt a certain behaviour ) , and organic nutrient ingestion and environmentally friendly merchandise use ( to alter a certain behaviour ) .In the visible radiation of act uponing other s behaviour, societal selling urges the execution of proper communicating scheme to carry people. In this paper, the writer argue that one of the effectual communicating methods which may be considered to carry people to execute recomended behaviour is the message bordering attack. Message framing can be the promising communicating scheme to heighten people conformity in order to do societal alterations. It could be implemented in wide country of societal issues such as wellness, safe drive, proenvironmental behaviour and so on.Framing Theory and Message FramingFraming theory starts from anticipation Theory introduced by Tversky and Kahneman 4 . Framing posit of prospect theory commonwealths that the manner an information presented, in footings of benefits and losingss, may act upon the behaviour based of ii grounds. First, people tend to avoid hazards when sing additions, that is, when having messages in the signifier of positive framing. On the contrary, they are likely to obligate hazards when sing losingss or costs, that is, when having messages in the signifier of negative framing. Consequently, the penchants towards risk-taking to a great extent depend on whether the thought is presented in the frame of addition or loss contexts. Therefore, persuasive information may be presented by demoing the possible benefits earned if the information presented is purely followed or the possible losingss earned if the information is non taken.Second, this theory argues that people will probably to avoid hazards which make the losingss require much bigger than the benefits earned. In line with the chance theory, 2 logical statements of an issue, if presented in two different ways, may ensue in different determinations. The most popular exemplar of this issue is the Asiatic Disease Problem experiment conducted by Kahneman and Tversky 5 to 152 topics who were presented to the hypothesis inquiries which required them to conceive of that the US authorities had been fixing an action to forestall diseases in Asia. It was predicted that the disease exponent kill 600 people. There were two plans proposed to forestall the disease Program A and B. It was mistaken that the estimated effects of the plan were a s follows ( presented in positive framing ) If plan A was chosen, they would salvage 200 peopleIf plan B was chosen, 1/3 of 600 would likely be saved and 2/3 people would likely non survive.The emergences of the experiment showed that 72 % of the respondents preferred Program A instead than Program B. The akin inquiries were besides proposed to the other 152 topics. This clip, the plans were Program C and D which were presented in negative framing with the undermentioned effects If plan C was taken, 400 would decease If plan D was chosen, none of 1/3 of 600 would decease and 2/3 of them would likely decease.In this 2nd group of topics, 78 % preferable plan D. From the illustration given, it is evidently seen that A and C are similar to plan B and D. The response was rather predictable based on the rules of diminishing sensitiveness given up to prospect theory. The presentation of the options in the framing informing the figure of people to be saved has clearly shown the benefits of avoiding the hazards. It is much better to salvage 200 people, explicit in figure instead than to salvage about 200 people, indefinite in figure.Meanwhile, the presentation of the options in the framing informing the figure of victims shows the topics preferred to take hazards when faced with the possible losingss. It is rather interesting to analyse the chance appeared in this instance. The survey of Kahneman and Tversky 5 shows that single determination is unchangingly influenced by how an issue is presented. Specifically, soulfulness will be given to avoid hazards when confronting messages presented in a positive framing ( emphasizing on benefits gained ) and s/he will prefer to take hazards when confronting a job presented in negative framing ( emphasizing the losingss gained ) . They argue that each individualistic relies on a figure of limited heuristics and prejudices in doing abstruse determinations. Each prejudice and heuristics depends on the preparation of the thought at the ancestor of the procedure.Prospect Theory give us a canche to utilize its rule in showing a persuasive message in order to heighten message murderer conformity, called message framing. Message framing is the presentation of persuasive messages which stresses on the benefits to be gained if the messages are followed ( positive frame/gain border ) , or on the hazard facets if the messages are non followed 2 ( negative framed/loss framed ) . It is one of persuasive tactics which is strategically used in pass oning persuasive messages to other people. It is used as a paradigm to understand and look into communicating scheme and behaviour in a broad scope of subjects. The related subjects include psychological science, communicating, organisational determination devising, economic sciences, wellness communicating, media surveies and political communicating 6 . Pprevious researches on persuasive power of message bordering show that the presentation of different types of message framing will ensue in different persuasive effects.Taxonomy of Framing EffectssLevin et Al. 7 designs a taxonomy which differentiate the framing effects into three classs unsafe framing, property framing and end framing. The effects of the prototypical framing are those that can be explained as follows for illustration, in a certain state of affairs, S+ describes a positive status ( such as being alive, harming and being healthy ) , with a figure of n response options which implies different terminal consequences with different degree of uncertainness ( r1, r2, arn ) . On the other side, S- means a negative status ( being dead, being lost, being ill ) with the same figure of n response picks and terminal consequences. The consequence of hazardous framing is that one tends to take options with low uncertainness in S+ , and to take options with high uncertainness in S- . In other words, this status refers to the free fall to prefer definite options in positive frame and hazardous options in negative frame. The experiment conducted by Kahneman and Tversky 5 can be used to uprise this job.The effects of 2nd framing or attributee bordering consequence can be elaborated as follows for illustration, a certain property ( object or chance ) A+ indicates positive status ( success, non fertile, etc ) with a figure of n response picks which implies different degree of attractive force ( d1, d2, adn ) . Meanwhile, the same property shows negative conditions ( failed, fatty etc ) indicated as A- with the same figure of response picks and the same degree of attractive force d1, d2, ..dn. The attribute framing effects are defined as the aspiration of a topic to measure A+ with higher degree of attractive force and A- with lower degree of attractive force. It refers to the inclination of the topic to do a more positive rating on the presented stuffs in positive frame. The experiment carried out by Levin and Gaeth 8 revealed that beef was considered to be more elegant when positively labeled ( 75 % fat free ) compared to negatively labeled such as contain 25 % fat . There are at least two different rules between hazardous framing and property framing. The first difference is that attribute framing does non affect hazard use. The 2nd 1 is that the mark is non in the signifier of taking the independent response picks, but in measuring the credence to certain points.The 3rd consequence is the effects of end bordering. They can be explained as follows for illustration, a certain message M+ contains a positive frame ( chance to derive benefits or avoid losingss ) and the other message contains negative frame ( chance non to derive benefits or suffer losingss ) indicated by M- . The effects of end framing are the differences in the persuasive consequences between M+ and M- to accomplish a certain behaviour.Based on above taxonomy, the presentation of message framing in wide societal alterations context ( such as advancing disease sens ing behaviour, disease bar behaviour, energy salvaging behaviour, birth control behaviour, pro-environmental behaviour, save driving behaviour, healthy diet and exercising behaviour and so on ) could be categorized into end framing as the presentation of negative framing or positive one could convey different persuasion effects to the message receiver.Forms of Message Framing PresentationLevin and Gaeth 8 argue that on that point are two types of message framings ( See Table 1 ) . The first type is how the negative or positive message is communicated across. The positive message emphasizes on the benefits received by the consumers for utilizing the merchandises or making the expected behaviour. The negative message emphasiss on the consumer s losingss for non utilizing the merchandises or making the recommended behaviour. The 2nd type discusses the negative and positive facets of the message itself. Levin and Gaeth reference that the fat contained in the beef is 25 % fat or 75 % thin. As a affair of fact, there are really few merchandises which inform their negative effects to the consumers.In line with Levin and Gaeth, OKeefe 9 maintains that the attractive force of positive and negative framing phrases can be presented in two different ways. First, whether the result describe is the coveted result. Second, whether the result described is an achieved result ( gained, proposed, accomplishable ) or something to avoid ( gotten rid of, unforeseen, unattainable ) . As displayed in Table 1, addition framed messages, for illustration, can be presented in if you abide by the promoted action, you will derive the expected result X or if you do the recommended action, the unexpected result Y can be avoided . Meanwhile the loss framed messages can be presented if you do non make the recommended behaviour, the expected result X will non be achieved or if you do non make the recommended action, the unexpected result Y will happen . Nevertheless, it has non b een really clear whether the mixed types of message presentation will impact the comparative degree strength of addition framed and loss framed messages.Table 1. Techniques of Message Framing PresentationPresentation techniquesTypes of FramingStatementOutcome is described in the expected or unexpected results.Positive frame if you do the recommended actions, the expected result X will be gained Negative frame if you do non make the recommended actions, the unexpected result Y will happen.Results are presented as something achieved or avoided.Positive frame If you do the recommended actions, the unexpected result Y may be avoided .Negative frame If you do non make the recommended action, the expected result X will non be gained. blood extracted by the writer.Differential Effectss of Positive and Negative Framing on PersuasionIn the last 30 old ages, 100s of existential surveies have been conducted to demo and look into the framing effects in several(prenominal) different contexts . Around 15 surveies had been conducted on the effects of bordering each twelvemonth 10 . There are besides legion theories developed to explicate human behaviour based on the appraisal of benefits and losingss. However, findings on the effects of bordering have non shown any conclusive consequences 9 .Probe on about 70 old surveies showed 11 , so far, bordering researches are much more conducted in wellness and consumer behaviour contexts. In wellness behaviour context ( see addendum 1 ) , many researches on message framing are conducted to promote the behaviour to make early sensing and bar to diseases 42 . Some of those researches were carried out in the context of chest malignant neoplastic disease sensing through and through chest ego scrutiny or mammography trial 12 , 13 , 14 and 15 , bad effects of smoking 16 , sexually-transmitted diseases 17 , the effects of cholesterin on bosom disease 18 , cholesterin interrogation 19 , the usage of dental floss 20 , fatty content on nutrient 21 and the usage of gargle 22 .In the field of wellness, persuasive power of loss framed tends to surpass that of addition framed. However, the consequences of the research in general are still inconclusive 21 , 15 , 23 . Some surveies found the effectivity of negative framed message 12 , 30 and the others found the opposite one 19 , 17 . Rothman and Salovey 31 country that loss framed messages are more persuasive in advancing disease sensing and other hazardous behaviour while addition framed messages are more persuasive in advancing disease bar and other low hazard behaviour.The rewards of the persuasive power of loss framed everywhere that of addition framed in the old surveies is closely related to bordering determination. The surveies show different penchants between the two determination options ( which are fundamentally tantamount to one another ) when they are presented in different frames ( loss and addition framed ) . It is supported by Tversky and Kahneman 4 who maintain that, fundamentally, an person does non fond of losingss ( remaining off from hazards ) when sing the benefits or consequences, but takes hazards when confronting possible losingss or costs. Therefore, when results are presented in loss framing ( emphasizing on the facets of possible loss ) , a individual prefers to take hazards. This is based on Kahneman and Tversky s classical experimental findings 5 on deathly diseases that have often been replicated to different topics 3 .There are at least three grounds that could be used to explicate the differential effects of framed messages 9 . First, the ground is related with the determination framing. foregoing surveies showed that there are different penchants between two determinations ( that must be tantamount ) when the two determinations presented in different frames. Tversky and Kahneman 4 explain that people fundamentally do non like loss ( avoid hazard ) when they w ere sing hazards. So, when the result is presented in negative framed ( stressed the loss or hazard facets ) , people will prefer hazardous pick. This statement is based on Kahneman and Tversky s experiment called fatal disease 5 .Second, the differential effects in negative and positive framed message are caused by dissymmetry between negative and positive information. Negative information by and large has unbalanced effects on determination compared with tantamount positive information. A negative stimulation is besides easy to be recognized. Research show that negative stimulations could be detected in a lower degree of exposure compared with the positive 1. In add-on, negative happening consequences in stronger and faster reactions. There are three accounts about hunched places between positive and negative information. The first dissymmetry provinces that negative information normally has imbalanced influence to a determination compared to the similar positive information. T he 2nd dissymmetry explains that negative stimulations can be easy detected on the lower degree of exposure compared to positive stimulation. Third dissymmetry is that a negative eveningt consequences in a stronger and quicker reaction 9 .The 3rd ground is the presence of moderator variables. Review on old researches 11 happen several moderator variables normally used and caused the differential persuasion effects of message bordering. They are the engagement of message receivers and content of the messages 19 , 17 , 13 , types of recommended behaviour ( in wellness context ) , and types of communicated results 9 . Another moderator variable which besides becomes the topic of research is the order of presentations 24 , credibleness of message beginnings 25 , single differences which include demand for knowledge 26 , degree of message amplification 27 , message receiving system motive 20 and perceptual experience to put on the line 28 . Researches showed the presence of moderator variable streghtened the persuasive power of framed message.The findings of the researches on the effects of message framing are steadfastly supported by the effectivity of positive framing in the surveies conducted by Levin and Gaeth 8 , Maheswaran and Meyers-Levy 19 , Diamond and Sanyal 29 , Rothman et Al. 30 , Block and Keller 17 , and Donovan and Jalleh 21 . Previous surveies show that positive framing is more effectual when the communicated message contains recommended low hazard behaviorsuch as like cholesterin sensing to the topics who had low degree of engagement in Maheswaran and Meyers-Levy s survey 19 or preventative behaviour 31 . It was found that the presentation of the message in positive framing may increase people s inclination to give positive reappraisal of a merchandise which in bend addition the chance to take the merchandise 8 , 21 . This determination is consistent with Kahneman and Tversky 5 who province that an sin gle tends to avoid hazard when confronting a job presented in positive framing.In some instances, the mixture of positive and negative messages turns out to be the most effectual manner. Meanwhile, another survey studies there are no differences between the two framing conditions. Lerman et Al. ( 1992 ) in Donovan and Jalleh 21 did non happen different effects among participants who read the message in negative framing and the message presented in positive framing about the importance of mammography written in the brochure. Besides, Tykocinski et Al. 32 did non happen different effects between positive and negative framing. Framing effects will be found when there is an interaction with personal conceit named self disagreement. Assema 34 province that there are no bordering consequence in his survey in healthy diet context.Beyond many research in wellness context, research about message framing besides conducted in the country of energy preservation 35 . Gonzales et Al. 1 0 , conducted a quasi(prenominal) experiment technique based on the rules of societal psychological science. Hence, the findings of his survey support the effectivity of loss framed messages. Research on message framing is besides carried out on environment-friendly behaviour, including recycle, preservation, and green life style in a survey by Davis 36 . This research findings revealed that negative framing gave the most positive response and the highest purpose to take part in environment-friendly behaviour.From the abovementioned account, the author draws decision that though assorted researches on the effects of bordering have been conducted, so far, there is no conclusive consequences in which bordering signifier is most effectual 13 . Some of the surveies argue that negative framing is more effectual than positive bordering 12 , 31 , yet others mention the opposite consequences positive framing is more effectual than negative bordering 8 , 21 . Some of the findin gs of the surveies indicate that the effectivity of a certain framing depends on situational and dispositional factor 6 . Based on his meta analytic, OKeefe 9 province that loss framed entreaties are non by and large more persuasive than addition framed entreaties. For promoting disease bar behaviours, gain-framed entreaties are more persuasive than loss-framed entreaties for promoting disease sensing behaviours, gain- and loss-framed entreaties do non differ significantly in strength. The comparative strength of otherwise framed entreaties seems small influenced by ( a ) whether the gain-framed entreaties emphasize the attainment of desirable provinces or the turning away of unwanted provinces or ( B ) whether the loss-framed entreaties emphasize the attainment of unwanted provinces or the turning away of desirable provinces.Our treatment about the wide context of message bordering surveies indicate that bordering attack can be considered as one of communicating attacks to adv ance societal alterations trough altering public values, attitudes and behaviour. As one of societal selling publicity scheme, as proposed by the writer, message framing could be implemented in the degree of single or community behaviour. However, it is needed extra surveies in more assorted context to analyze the proper message bordering attack and situational and dispositionalvariables to considered in each specific country, in order to acquire cognition, what sort of framed message does more persuasive in each country.How Can the Framed Message Influence Attitude Change and Behavior?The common result variable of the framed message theoretical account was persuasion, as assessed through attitude alteration, station communicating understanding, behavioural purpose and behaviour 9 . Persuasion is an attitude alteration as a consequence of exposure to information achieved from other parties. This exposure can be in written or verbal messages sent by the beginning to the receiving s ystem 38 , 39 . Variables impacting persuasions normally operate by giving hints or statements, making prejudice in information processing, and make up ones minding the figure of amplifications done in a message 40 .Refer to Eagly and Chaiken ( 1984 ) in Seethaler and Rose 37 , there are three attacks in persuasion mechanism, i.e. 1 ) Cognitive Response Approach, 2 ) Attributional Reasoning Approach, and 3 ) Heuristic Processing Mode. Prospect theory, from which message framing originated is one of theories that explained attributional logical thinking attack. Harmonizing to this attack, message receiver seek to explicate the message s/he receives through causal reading related with societal norms or environmental status. So, it is clear that message framing is one of persuasion beginnings.Persuasion which happened in a framed message presentation is one of persuasion beginnings caused by the message features. Harmonizing to Olson and Zanna, there are several issues which e ncourage persuasion to take topographic point beginning of the message, features of the message and features of the message receivers 38 . The effects of message framing may go on to all degrees of message receiver. It can be applied in the degree of interpersonal, intrapersonal, groups, organisations, inter organisations, and society 6 . Although there are more research conducted on the consequence of framing in single degree 12 , 19 , 31 , 8 , 30 , 21 , 13 , 15 dan 23 . However, there are besides some researches on the effects of bordering in the group degree 41 .The information processing when person receives a framed message can be closely related to psychological procedure used in proving the information, doing determinations, and pulling decisions about the surrounding. There are several account how people treating a framed information. Refer to Hallahan 6 , bordering operates by making prejudice in person s cognitive procedure of information through at least two mechanisms. The first mechanism is giving contextual intimations that direct the receivers in doing determinations and pulling decisions of a message. Tversky and Kahneman 4 argue that negative or positive framing in a determination works as cognitive heuristic or regulation of pollex which directs the determinations to uncertain or hazardous state of affairs. The negative reaction to losingss or hazards is consistent with the findings which province that negative information is considered more earnestly than positive information and given more attending. This is besides consistent to the motivational theory which states that person of course acts to make self-defense. This statement can explicate, why some research findings 4 , 12 , 19 uncover the advantage of negative framed messages than positive 1s. The 2nd mechanism is through priming. It is a procedure where a human being organizes the gained cognition in the memory through cognitive construction or strate gy which acts as barrier in constructing and construing a state of affairs and event.How a framed messages influence people s determination besides can be explained based on the information processing phases. The procedure by which framed messages influence opinion and behaviour could be explained at least in three of import phases. First, the sum of attending directed to the message influence the grade to which it is integrated into a mental representation of the issue. Second, people differ in their receptiveness to the peculiar frame advocated by the message, based on both their experience and current state of affairs. Third, the influence of a peculiar frame on existent behaviour depends on the sensed map of the advocated behaviour 31 .Harmonizing to Rothman and Salovey 31 , in order to react to framed message, people have to comprehend the message foremost. But, to simply comprehend the message is non sufficient to actuate behavior alteration. Framed message can act upon th e behaviour merely if it integrated into a individual s cognitive representation of the issue. Given that behavioural determinations are thought to reflect the consideration of relevant beliefs, a individual s perceptual experience of an issue needs to reflect the peculiar place advocated by the framed supplicant.The construct of Elaboration Likelihood object lesson 40 besides can be used to explicate how people respond to a framed message. Petty and Cacioppo 40 explain, there are two alternate manners in which persuasive entreaty are processed 1 ) Systematically ( attending to the peculiar inside informations of the message ) , and 2 ) Heuristically ( attending to come up characteristics of the message ) . The mode in which a framed message is processed significantly affects its ultimate influence. The cognitive assimilation of the frame provided by a peculiar entreaty is likely contingent on the systematic processing of that entreaty 31 . Some old researches in diverse me nd of contextual variables showed that comparative strength of addition and loss framed was limited to those participants who processed the message consistently 19 , 30 . Systematic processing of a framed message is a necessary stipulation to detect the predicted advantage of addition bordering particularly in wellness behaviour context ( addition framed message in bar behaviour and loss framed for sensing behaviour ) .How do people accept the framed message? Rothman and Salovey 31 province that even though people may be motivated to treat a framed entreaty consistently, they may non be receptive to the frame advocated by the message. There are two factors were sing in discoursing the willingness to accept the peculiar frame provided by an entreaty. The first factor is an on-going temper that may determine one s receptiveness to a framed message. One s temper may act upon whether a state of affairs is perceived in footings of losingss or additions as feelings can function as i nformation about one s current state of affairs. Sad tempers may corroborate that possible losingss are possible, whereas happy tempers may underline the saliency of possible additions. However, temper had no consequence on perceptual experiences of possible additions. Peoples who felt happy perceived great cost to a possible loss compared with participants in a impersonal temper. The influence of temper on perceptual experiences of likeliness mediates the comparative strength of gain- and loss-framed statements ( Wegener et al. ( 1994 ) in 31 ) . Participants were more persuaded by gain-framed statements when in a happy temper, but loss-framed statements were more persuasive when they were in a sad temper.The 2nd factors that are impacting willingnes to accept framed message are anterior cognition and experience that may curtail one s willingness to follow a peculiar frame 31 . Using wellness information context, Rothman and Salovey say that the information presented is unders tood within the context of an person s experiences and cognition. When the issue is either new or unfamiliar, people have few preconceived impressions about the issue, which should ease the acceptance of the frame emphasized in a recommendation. To the extent that the position provided by the framed entreaty is consistent with one s initial apprehension, one should hold small trouble following the suggested frame. However, when the frame does non fit one s experiences, the unexpected position should arouse systematic processing of the message, but this does non needfully connote that the advocated frame will be adopted. If the initial position is strong plenty, it is possible that people might reframe a message that did non fit their dominant position. Unfortunately, the grade to which people efficaciously reframe messages and their subsequent impact on determination devising has non been tested through empirical observation. Although the abovementioned phenomena are used to explica te the wellness behaviour context, the writer argue that this besides can be used to explicate the information acceptance in broad scope context of societal alteration messages.So far, we have discussed the importance of message bordering use in persuade people to execute recomended behaviour and how they will treat and have the framed information. However, the most of import end of any framed message is to advance a peculiar behaviour. Rothman and Salovey 31 told that, even when a framed has been processed and assimilated, its peculiar impact on behaviour is contingent on perceptual experience of the behaviour itself. They suggest that beliefs refering both the effectivity of a behaviour ( response efficaciousness ) and one s ability to execute that behaviour successfully ( self efficaciousness ) predict the likeliness of the behaviour being carried out. Based on Protection Motivation Theory they suggest that efficaciousness beliefs may be peculiarly of import when people act in response to a loss framed entreaty. It has been observed in Meyerowitz and Chaiken 12 survey that revealed adult females who received a loss framed pamplet recommending BSE after held the strongest ego efficaciousness beliefs and that to keep strong efficaciousness beliefs partly mediated the influence of the loss frame on behaviour.Based on my reappraisal on old surveies 11 , it is non all of them utilizing behavior as dependent step. The trouble of longitudinal survey to mensurate the existent behaviour may be the reply of this issue. Studies who involved behavior as the dependent step can be find in Meyerowitz and Chaiken 12 by comparing immediate step and afterward step as the placeholder of behaviour and Detweiler et Al. 43 utilizing sunscreen with SPF order. Most of old research limited their dependen step on behavior purpose or behaviour inclination and this bound the significance of their research findings 44 .DecisionFrom above treatment, several decision could b e drawn. The being of several societal jobs require us to acquire involved in making the expected status in our society by implementing societal selling knowlegde. Social selling attempt to act upon other s behavior including 2 a. get downing certain behaviour, b. halting certain behaviour, c. altering certain behaviour. One of communicating attacks that we could utilize to accomplish these purposes is message bordering. It could be implemented in assorted different context of societal job to carry people to execute recomended behaviour.Harmonizing to the taxonomy of bordering effects, message framing can be categorized into end framing, as the presentation of negative framed or positive one could convey different persuasion effects to the message receiver. It can be presented in two alternate signifiers, the first is the signifier in which the result is described in the expected or unexpected results and the 2nd is the signifier in which the result are presented as something ach ieved or avoided.Assorted surveies in message framing context showed us that there are differential effects of message bordering persuasive power. However it is non easy to make up ones mind which one of the framing message signifiers that most persuasive. It is true that there is a inclination of negative framed advantages than positive one, based on asymetri of negative framed comparison to positive one. But we besides acknowledge the consequence of chairing variable in each specific context.Given the chief inquiry for faculty members is, how we can better the effectivity of a message to the populace in order to increase conformity with the recommended action, the writer conclude that utilizing framed message is an alternate manner to accomplish this end. Furthermore, what type of framing should be used will depend on the context in which the message was conveyed. The extent to which the effectivity of the usage of message framing will besides depends on chairing variable involved . The interaction between framed message with the moderating variables involved is expected will increase the effectivity of the framed message in assortment different contexts. in store(predicate) researches in more diverse research contexts are still needed to make up ones mind what sort of framed message and specific moderator variables have to be considered.

Academic Performance of College Students Essay

The lack of adequate background and/or preparation, among other things, causes many a(prenominal) learners to withdraw from college or to graduate with low grades, which often makes it elusive for them to obtain fit jobs. This paper examines the pedantician performance and efforts to prove tending for academic and related line of works of undergraduate savants at north Carolina A&T State University. To that effect, the grade reports of crease and economics study and responses to a check up on of learners enrolled in business and economics stemmas were qualitatively analyzed.See more Foot Binding In China showThe results of the analyses indicated that many learners experienced academic deficiency and did non seek assistance when faced with problems. The results also revealed that many of the scholars who sought assistance estimated the serve they received as ineffective and indicated their preference for school-level deliberation run. The development of a schoo l-specific academic monitor and unhurriedness center would altogethereviate these problems.Such a center, with a comprehensive and protracted advisement and counseling program, will be more effective than university-wide services in improve student academic performance and marketability upon graduation. ********** Teaching, research and service be usu every last(predicate)y used as a yardstick to measure faculty contri butions to higher(prenominal) preparation institutions. Major universities devour long stressed the importance of research activities intercourse to teaching.Over the endure two decades, many of smaller teaching institutions, including the Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) where research activities were recognized only to the extent that they would keep educators and the noesis they transmit to students current, have been under pressure to acquire external funds for scholarships, faculty development, and interpreting accreditation standa rds (Fielding 1985). As these institutions, particularly the HBCUs, placed more emphasis on faculty research productivity, they are faced with the challenge of striking a balance between teaching and research activities.Nevertheless, most colleges and universities recognize that teaching is the supreme goal of their institutions (Wiley 1993). The chief(prenominal) positionors considered for improving teaching effectiveness among other things, include teaching approaches and techniques and faculty availability for student assistance and advisement. However, students in higher development institutions essential(prenominal) be motivated and committed to make reasonable efforts toward handling various activities, such(prenominal) as show uping, written assignments, class discussion, presentation and examinations, effectively.Accordingly, the students commitment to put on a good education, their study habits and cooperation, their motivation and efforts to seek assistance, when adopted, are equally critical for learning. Thus, since the provision and consumption of education service occur simultaneously, the students active meshing in the process is a necessary condition to transform teaching to effective learning (Norales and Addus 2003). This paper assesses the academic performance and efforts of undergraduate students to seek assistance for academic and related problems at North Carolina A&T State.The paper (1) examines the academic performance and deficiencies of the students in terms of their overall grade point averages (2) identifies the sexual congress magnitude of student academic and related problems from freshman to elderly compartmentalisations (3) presents student evaluation of the effectiveness of advisement and counseling services available to students and (4) recommends the development of a school-specific academic monitoring and advisement center to improve student academic performance and marketability upon graduation.Methods and Inst rumentation The 1998 grade point averages (grade point averages) of undergraduate business and economics study(ip)(ip)s were used to determine the levels of student academic performance and deficiencies, with the application of chi-square statistic test to the relevant data. The student grade reports (the most recent data available) were obtained from the North Carolina A&T State Universitys enlighten of business organization and Economics. In addition, data from students were collected through with(predicate) a student survey of 2002.The sample for the student advisement and counseling effectiveness questionnaire consisted of students enrolled in business and economics courses at North Carolina A&T State University. The questionnaire items were designed to elicit responses from students to determine the magnitude of student academic and related problems, efforts to seek assistance to solve their problems, evaluation of effectiveness assistance they received, and preference for the location of advising and monitoring services within the University.The results of this study rear end be used as a source of data that can provide information on the curriculum effectiveness at North Carolina A&T State and other universities. Such data can assist educators in curriculum planning and development so that they can better meet the needs of students. schoolchild Academic Performance and Survey Results The results of this study are based on the examination of the School of Business and Economics student GPAs and the student advisement and counseling survey of students enrolled in business and economics courses at North Carolina A&T State University.The results are centered around (1) the student academic performance levels and deficiencies (2) the magnitude of student academic and related problems (3) the students efforts to seek assistance to solve problems (4) the student evaluation of effectiveness assistance received and (5) the student preference for the locati on of advising and monitoring services. The following are the findings of the study based on student grade point averages and student advisement and counseling services questionnaire responses. Student Academic performance.The school of Business and Economics at North Carolina A&T State University consists of accounting, business administration, business education and economics and emigration/logistics departments. The distributions of grade point average of students enrolled in the School during the 1998 fall semester are presented in Table 1. For the data in the Table, the chi-square test statistic is significant. This indicates that grade distributions by classification are statistically different. Generally, the number of students with low grade point averages decreased from freshman to senior classifications.In other words, more freshmen maintained lower grades relative to seniors, and more seniors maintained higher grade point averages than freshmen. More specifically, the da ta indicates that, in the School of Business and Economics, 55% of freshman, 14% of sophomore, 16% of junior, and 6% of senior students maintained below 2. 00 grade point averages. The decline in the proportion of students with lower grades from the freshman to senior levels is an indication of either grade improvements, transfer from whiz program to another or withdrawal and/or suspension/dismissal from the university.In their senior year, 41% of students maintained a GPA of below 2. 50, 23% below 2. 25, and 6% below 2. 00. For all classifications, 53% of students maintained a GPA of below 2. 50, 39% below 2. 25, and 26% below 2. 00. The School of Business and Economics cannot afford to ignore 23% students who may graduate with a GPA of lower than 2. 25 and 41% below 2. 50, only to find it difficult to find professional jobs of their choice in their respective fields.Apparently, students need to be monitored, encouraged and assisted to play an active role in their pursuit to acqu ire their education and career objectives. Student Survey Results Of some 206 students who responded to the survey, 52% were female and 48% were male students. By classification, 10% were freshmen, 30% sophomore, 37% junior and 23% senior students. In terms of general fields of study, 68% majored in business and economics and 32% in other areas, including arts and sciences, education and technology (Table 2).These figures paint a picture that the survey represents a balanced coverage on gender, student classification, and various fields of study. Magnitude of Student Academic and Related Problems Of 154 who sought assistance, 52% were female and 48% were male students. By classification, 9% were freshmen, 30% sophomore, 37% junior and 25% were senior students (Table 3). The data in the Table is indicative of the fact that the number of problems faced by students generally declined from freshman to senior year of their study.Of 52 students who did not seek assistance, 52% were fema le and 48% were male students. By classification, 17% were freshmen, 30% junior, 37% sophomore and 19% senior students. A total of 56% who did not seek help were junior and senior students. The reasons indicated for not seeking assistance are that 19% did not have any problems, 17% did not have clip to seek assistance, 19% did not shaft the availability of assistance, 14% did not believe such assistance would be useful, and 15% indicated a combination of the above factors (Table 4).Student Efforts to Seek supporter pop of 206 students who sought assistance, 60% consulted with their academic advisors and 30% with course instructors or respective departments. Only 4% indicated to have sought assistance with the University common snapping turtle for mastery (Table 5). Student Evaluation of Assistance potential Of 154 students who sought help, 72% indicated that the assistance they were offered was effective resulting in grade improvements, enhanced self-confidence, remaining in major for the better, and changing major for the better.However, 28% indicated that the assistance they received was not effective at all (Table 6). Student Preference for Advising and Monitoring renovations Of 206 survey respondents, 147 (71%) indicated their preference for student monitoring and counseling services at school/college level (as opposed to counseling at the university level) and 92% indicated that they would seek assistance more often if such services were available at school/college level (Table 7).The Case for Academic Monitoring and Advising Center The findings of this study reveal that relatively low grades and high failure rank were maintained by upper level undergraduate students with the possibility of marketability problems. The findings further show that 28% of survey respondents said the assistance services they received were not effective. Another 28% of the respondents, of which 56% were juniors and seniors, did not seek help to resolve their academic a nd related problems.In addition, 71% of respondents indicated their preference for a school-level assistance services, and the whelm majority (92%) said they would seek help more often if such services were available at the school level. It follows that a school-specific academic monitoring and advisement center (AMAC), with a comprehensive agenda for student advisement and counseling, will be effective in improving student academic performance and marketability.The need for the AMAC is underscored by other studies. The main problems affecting student academic performance include inadequate background, working long hours, lack of prison term to study and seek advice, lack of m management skills, bad study habits and skills, and lack of self-confidence. Many students are also faced with various impediments in their pursuit of higher education and career objectives, including financial problems, family responsibilities, and social and extracurricular activities.Some of these activi ties do not only take away from the time needed for quiescence, attending class and studying, but they also cause considerable stress resulting in negative effects on academic performance as measured in terms of GPA (Womble 2001). The results of a survey of 239 university students enrolled in business and economics courses at North Carolina A&T State University indicated that most students did not have sufficient time to read the text moderate and study, and that their absence from class was work related.The majority (56 %) of the students stated that they could not take lecture notes while listening, and 29 % said they could not come across the lecture (Norales and Addus 2003). Kelly et al (2001) classified college students into short sleepers (individuals who slept six or fewer hours a day), average sleepers (individuals with s evening or hours of sleep a day), and long sleepers (individuals sleeping nine or more hours a day). They found that the individuals who represented long sleepers reported higher GPAs than the first two groups.Many students are admitted to a university as a result of their performance in examinations that do not demand the same preparation levels required to succeed in higher education. Thus, one of the main factors affecting the academic performance of college and university students is the lack of adequate preparation skills (Beswick and Ramsden 1987). Entwistle et al (1989) studied the academic performance of electrical engineering students and found that low course grades were associated with inadequate study skills, and that many students had not established adequate independent study strategies required to succeed in higher education.Eikeland & Manger (1992) looked into factors affecting student achievement, especially those factors related to high failure and drop go forth order. The findings showed that organized study habits had a positive impact on self confidence during the students first semester, but such study habits did not have a direct effect on grades until as late as their fourth semester in college. In a survey of close to 350,000 students attending four-year public and private colleges, over 70 items related to the students educational experiences on the survey instrument were grouped into 12 factors.(1) The survey results indicated that out of these factors, public college/university students rated academic advising as the most important aspect of their educational experiences. Private college/university students rated academic advising second to only instructional effectiveness in importance. When students were asked to rate five items (2) comprised academic advising, both public and private college/university students rated the academic advisors approachability and the academic advisors knowledge about major requirements as strengthsmeaning most important and most satisfying (Noel-Levitz 2003).In general, the success or failure in higher education are not explained by the student attri butes or faculty teaching efficiency in isolation, but by the complex inter processs between students and the learning environments they experience (Entwistle 1990). Thus, students are in need of comprehensive advisement, counseling and support services including time management, stress management, efficient study style, habits and skills, reading, writing, and lecture note taking skills, and other support services.These must help students enhance their capacity to master the relevant subject, self confidence, verbal and written communication, academic performance, and to be competitive and productive members of the community. Academic Monitoring and Advising Center The findings of this study, along with the discussion of relevant literature, suggest that a school-specific AMAC, with a comprehensive agenda for student advisement and counseling, will be effective in improving student academic performance and marketability.The primary purpose of the AMAC is to enhance student academic performance and produce marketable graduates by providing extended assistance and direction to students in academic activities and related areas. At North Carolina A&T State University there are university-wide student support services, including the Center for Student Success (which is tensenessed on student retention) and school-level academic assistant services. In addition, there are programs which are designed to mentor students with high academic standing, in coaction with potential employers, to prepare them for the real world work environment upon graduation.However, many students who for various reasons fail to perform to their potential levels deserve to be uplifted through a similar program provided by the AMAC. Compared with university-wide academic counseling services available for students, the AMAC will be more effective for needy students can be given individual and unique attention suited to their specific needs by their respective schools. In addition to regular advisement provided by academic advisors, the AMAC will provide counseling services for students who fail to reach a minimum GPA of 2.50 during each semester. To start with, such students will be able to discuss issues regarding specific courses and their course loads with an advisor from the AMAC, and receive advice on how to successfully manage their time and handle their course loads. Also, the AMAC if necessary, can suggest changes in course, course loads and schedule to help the students balance their time between school and work. As mentioned above, one of the biggest problems that many students have is lack of time and time management skills.If this problem is solved early, students will be able to maintain a more marketable GPA. The AMAC will continuously monitor students and try their grades throughout each semester to insure that these students continue to do well in the school, and graduate within a reasonable period of time. Students who need assistance must be identif ied at the appropriate time and be given intensive advice and counseling. It will maintain a data base for all students in the School of Business and Economics with an overall GPA of 2.50 or less. The data can be collected from student applications, academic records, and surveys (Seidman, 1996). The AMAC will mastermind its activities with university programs designed to provide remedial services to students with deficient backgrounds. It will refer students to other departments and and University support services for problems outside its responsibilities. Such intensive intervention will likely help not only improve academic performance, but also retain students and enable them to graduate with decent grades.Student participation in the AMACs program shall enhance their capabilities to improve their academic standing through sound advice and counseling which will positively influence their attitude toward learning and grades, time management skills and study habits. The AMAC will further facilitate development of university policies and programs designed to overcome academic deficiencies and encourage students to stay in school and achieve their academic and career objectives.Conclusions Academic advising is a very important aspect of students educational experiences in higher education. In order to enhance teaching and learning effectiveness, higher education institutions must listen to their students unique needs and priorities by assessing assistance services available to students. The results of such assessments can be used to develop targeted action plans for serving specific student population.The results of the analyses of data obtained from the School of Business and Economics grade reports and a survey of students enrolled in business and economics courses at North Carolina A&T State University, along with other relevant literature, imply that many college students need a school-specific academic monitoring and advisement services at an early stage of their college career. It is apparent that it becomes difficult, if not impossible, for junior and senior students to make meaningful grade improvements due to the short span of time available to them during their last years of study before graduation.This may pose a serious marketability problem for some of the graduates of these programs with low grades. In the real world of ever change magnitude globalization and more competitive job market environments, college students need to acquire higher skills and GPAs. The proposed AMAC is certainly a first step to guide needy students in this direction. References Beswick, D. and Ramsden, P, (1987). How to Promote nabing with Understanding. Working Paper 871. Melbourne Center for the Study of Higher Education, University of Melbourne. Eikeland, O. J. and Manger, T. (1992).Why Students Fail During Their First University Semesters. International Review of Education 38(5), 489-503. Entwistle, N. J. (1990). How Students Learn and Why The y Fail. Paper Presented at Conference on Talent and Teaching, University of Bergen. Entwistle, N. J. , Hoursell, D. , Macaulay, C. , Situnayake, G. and Tait, H. (1989). Success and Failure in Electrical Engineering Courses in Scotland. Summary of a describe to the SED. Edinburgh Department of Education and Center for Teaching, Learning and Assessment. University of Edinburgh. Fielding, G. J. (1985). Transportation Education, Part Two.Report of Joint Conference, Eno Foundation Board of Directors and Board of Consultants. Transportation Quarterly, 39(2), 207-233. Kelly, W. E. , Kelly, K. E. and Clanton, R. C. (others) (2001). The Relationship between intermission length and category-Point-Average among College Students, College Student ledger. Noel-Levitz Research (2003). Academic Advising Highly Important to Students, www. noellevitz. com. Norales, Francisca O. and Addus, Abdussalam A. (2003). University Students Learning Efforts, Texas Business and Technology Educators Associatio n Journal, Vol.VII, No. 1. Seidman, A. (1996). Retention revisited R = E, ID + E & In, Iv. Journal of College Student Retention. 71(4), 18-20. Wiley, III, Ed (1993). Re-Emphasizing Teaching. Black Issues in Higher Education. Womble, Laura P (2001). The Impact of Stress Factors on College Students Academic Performance, Working Paper, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, N. C. ABDUSSALAM A. ADDUS Associate Professor DAVID subgenus Chen Associate Professor ANWAR S. KHAN Professor Emeritus Department of Economics and Transportation/Logistics North Carolina A&T State University Notes.(1) the factors are academic advising, campus climate, campus Life, campus shop at Services, concern for the Individual, instructional Effectiveness, recruitment and financial aid effectiveness, registration effectiveness, responsiveness to diverse population, safety and security, service excellence, and student centeredness. (2) the items are the academic advisors approachability, the academic advisors knowledge about major requirements, the academic advisors concern about the students success as an individual, the academic advisors assistance to punctuate goals and work toward, and the clearness and reasonableness of major requirements.Table 1 Grade Distribution of Students in the School of Business and Economics by Classification, Fall 1998 Grade Range Classification Freshman Sophomore Junior No. % No. % No. % 3. 50-4. 00 20 6 46 19 20 10 3. 00-3. 49 26 7 44 18 32 16 2. 50-2. 99 45 13 62 25 45 23 2. 25-2. 49 33 9 33 13 33 17 2. 00-2. 24 37 10 28 11 34 18 Below 2. 00 200 55 35 14 31 16 quantity 361 100 248 100 195 100 Chi-square 278. 38 * Grade Range Classification Senior each(prenominal) No. % No. % 3. 50-4. 00 18 7 104 10 3. 00-3. 49 42 17 144 13 2. 50-2. 99 90 35 242 24 2. 25-2. 49 47 18 146 14 2. 00-2. 24 44 17 143 13 Below 2.00 14 6 280 26 come up 255 100 1059 100 Chi-square 278. 38 * Note * Statistically significant at 5 percent probability level. Source School of Busi ness and Economics, NC A&T State University. Table 2 Profile of Survey Respondents Item Frequency Percent Gender (n = 206) Male 99 48. 1 Female 107 51. 9 Classification (n = 206) Freshman 21 10. 2 Sophomore 61 29. 6 Junior 77 37. 4 Senior 47 22. 8 Major electron orbit Unit (n = 206) Business and Economics 140 68. 0 Other Areas * 66 32. 0 * Include Arts and Science, Education, and Engineering. Table 3 Distribution of Number Problems for Students who Sought.Assistance * (n = 154) Classification Number of Problems and Gender One Two Three Four Five Six Total Plus Classification Freshman 4 1 3 2 1 2 13 Sophomore 16 4 7 9 8 2 46 Junior 14 14 12 6 4 7 57 Senior 6 7 14 7 3 1 38 Total 40 26 36 24 16 12 154 Gender Male 19 15 15 11 8 6 74 Female 21 13 19 13 8 6 80 Total 40 26 36 24 16 12 154 * Problems include adding/dropping courses, choosing major, changing major, improving grades, time management, internship opportunities, personal problems which affect academic performance.Table 4 Distri bution of students who did not Seek Assistance (n = 52) frequence Percent of Total Classification Freshman 9 17. 3 Sophomore 14 29. 9 Junior 19 36. 5 Senior 10 19. 3 Total 52 100. 0 Gender Male 25 48. 1 Female 27 51. 9 Total 52 100. 0 Reason for not SeekingDid not have problems 10 19. 2 Did not have time 9 17. 3 Did not know availability of assistance 10 19. 2 Did not believe it is useful 7 13. 5 Combination of last three 8 15. 4 Other reasons 8 15. 4 Total 52 100. 0 Table 5 Student Efforts to Seek Assistance for Academic Problems (n = 154) Assistance sought from Frequency Percent Academic Advisor 89 59. 7 Department/Course instructor 44 29. 5.University Center for Success 6 4. 0 SOBE resource Lab 3 2. 0 University charge Service 3 2. 0 Career Counseling 2 1. 4 Financial Aid 2 1. 4 Table 6 Student evaluation of Effectiveness of Assistance Sought (n = 149) Item frequency Percent Grade improved 13 8. 7 Enhanced self-confidence 4 2. 7 Remained in major 15 10. 1 Changed major for bette r 16 10. 7 Two or more of above 60 40. 3 No effect 41 27. 5 Table 7 Student Preference for Counseling/Monitoring Services Location (n = 206) Item Frequency Percent Prefer student Counseling at school level Yes 147 71. 3 No 44 21. 4 Indifferent 15 7. 3.Would seek assistance more often if Available at school/college level) Yes 92 44. 7 No 15 7. 3 Not sure 45 21. 8 Indifferent 54 26. 2 Gale procure Copyright 2007 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Economic Scene Colleges Are Failing in Graduation Rates Top of Form Bottom of Form Share By DAVID LEONHARDT create September 8, 2009 If you were going to come up with a list of organizations whose failures had done the most damage to the American economy in recent years, youd probably have to start with the Wall Street firms and regulatory agencies that brought us the financial crisis.From there, you might move on to Wall Streets fellow bailout recipients in Detroit, the once-Big Three. Multimedia pic From the Most Selective Col leges, More Graduates Related The College Dropout Boom Economix Which Colleges Are Doing Their Job? Reader Responses Failing Colleges Readers Comments Share your thoughts and read responses to readers comments from David Leonhardt on the Economix blog. Read All Comments (113) But I would suggest that the list should also include a less obvious nominee public universities.At its top levels, the American formation of higher education may be the vanquish in the world. Yet in terms of its core mission turning teenagers into educated college graduates much of the formation is simply failing. Only 33 percent of the freshmen who enter the University of Massachusetts, Boston, graduate within six years. Less than 41 percent graduate from the University of Montana, and 44 percent from the University of wise Mexico. The economist Mark Schneider refers to colleges with such dropout rates as failure factories, and they are the norm.The United States does a good job enrolling teenagers in college, but only one-half of students who enroll end up with a bachelors degree. Among rich countries, only Italy is worse. Thats a big reason inequality has soared, and productivity maturation has slowed. Economic growth in this decade was on pace to be slower than in any decade since World War II even before the financial crisis started. So identifying the causes of the college dropout crisis matters enormously, and a new book tries to do precisely that. It is called Crossing the Finish Line, and its findings are based on the records of about 200,000 students at 68 colleges.The authors were able to get their hands on that data because two of them are pillars of the education establishment William Bowen (an economist and former Princeton president) and Michael McPherson (an economist and former Macalester College president). For all the books alarming statistics, its message is ultimately uplifting or at least invigorating. Yes, inadequate precollege education is a problem. B ut high schools heretofore produce many students who have the skills to complete college and yet fail to do so. Turning them into college graduates should be a lot less difficult than fixing all of American education.We could be doing a lot better with college completion just by working on our colleges, as Robert Shireman, an Education Department official who has read an early version of the book, says. Congress and the Obama administration are now putting together an education bill that tries to deal with the problem. It would cancel about $9 jillion in annual government subsidies for banks that lend to college students and use much of the money to increase financial aid. A small portion of the money would be set aside for promising pilot programs aimed at lifting the number of college graduates. All in all, the bill would help.But it wont solve the systems biggest problems the focus on enrollment rather than completion, the fact that colleges are not held to account for their f ailures. Crossing the Finish Line makes it clear that we can do better. The first problem that Mr. Bowen, Mr. McPherson and the books third author, Matthew Chingos, a doctoral candidate, diagnose is something they call under-matching. It refers to students who choose not to attend the best college they can get into. They instead go to a less selective one, perhaps one thats closer to home or, given the torturous financial aid process, less valuable.About half of low-income students with a high school grade-point average of at least 3. 5 and an SAT score of at least 1,200 do not attend the best college they could have. Many dont even apply. Some apply but dont enroll. I was really astonished by the degree to which presumptively well-qualified students from poor families under-matched, Mr. Bowen told me. They could have been admitted to shekelss Ann Arbor campus (graduation rate 88 percent, according to College Results Online) or Michigan State (74 percent), but they went, say, to Eastern Michigan (39 percent) or Western Michigan (54 percent).If they graduate, it would be hard to get upset about their choice. But large numbers do not. You can see that in the chart with this column. In effect, well-off students many of whom will graduate no matter where they go attend the colleges that do the best job of producing graduates. These are the places where many students live on campus (which raises graduation rates) and graduation is the norm. Meanwhile, lower-income students even when they are better qualified often go to colleges that excel in producing dropouts. Its really a waste, Mr. Bowen says, and a big problem for the country. As the authors point out, the only way to lift the college graduation rate significantly is to lift it among poor and working-class students. Instead, it appears to have fallen somewhat since the 1970s. What can be done? Money is clearly part of the answer. Tellingly, net tuition has no impact on the graduation rates of high-inco me students. Yet it does affect low-income students. All else equal, they are less likely to make it through a more expensive state college than a less expensive one, the book shows. Conservatives are wrong to suggest affordability doesnt matter.But they are right that more money isnt the whole answer. Higher education right away also suffers from a deep cultural problem. Failure has become acceptable. Students see no need to graduate in four years. Doing so, as one told the books authors, is like leaving the party at 1030 p. m. Graduation delayed often becomes graduation denied. Administrators then make excuses for their graduation rates. And polity makers hand out money based on how many students a college enrolls rather than on what it does with those students. There is a real parallel here to wellness care.