Infant-Toddler Environment Rating Scale (ITERS-R) Assignment Essay

Infant-Toddler Environment Rating Scale (ITERS-R) Assignment - Essay Example The scale of space and furnishings, personal daily care and routine, listening and talking, activities, interaction, program structure and parents and staff are seven aspects to be evaluated in this study. According to the scale, it observes children in a kindergarten. Through improving the quality of the learning environment, education programs for children with special needs in a regular class are better implemented. I first arrived at Kidango Decoto Center, a child care facility for toddlers, located at Union City. The head-teachers and supervisors name of the center is called Catalina Garcia. I observed a classroom, which the age range is between eighteen months old and three years old, and the center has four teachers and sixteen children. This observation lasted about three hours in the morning, from 9:00 am up until 12:00 pm. On this morning, my observation was specifically to use the infant-toddler environment rating scale to assist in my evaluation. Students were arriving in the classroom at around 8:30 am, and they were offered breakfast. After the breakfast around 9:15 am, all the students got in their respective the classrooms. They were engaging in free play time where there were prepared games, crafts and interacted with their teachers and classmates. I was seated in the classrooms corner, where the children could not easily see me, and this observation needed not to be distracted by my presence in the classroom. Childhood is a curious, imaginative, energetic, adventurous age. Therefore, health and safety is the primary factor, in the kindergarten classroom environment settings. Secondly, the class should give the children, the same feeling as home. Let the children feel that they are here to master thoroughly. By setting the environment, teachers should ask themselves, what valuable things they want to pass to the children. They should also

Love Emerson Transcendentalist

Love Emerson Transcendentalist The broken-hearted can only be mended by love just as only love can change a mans heart; enemies can become friends only through love just as only love can soften the hardest of hearts. In this way, Emerson, as a transcendentalist, portrays love as being a necessity in life; every man wishes, desires, to be loved. For this reason, the world would benefit from showing love to everyone as it causes mankind to care for others, to encourage joy in others. It is something that comes from deep within the soul and if the world experienced more love, humanity would be willing to expand their mind to accept the differences in others. No matter how humans differ from each other, whether by color of skin, religion, or social status, they all deserve love. In â€Å"The Transcendentalist,† Emerson writes that human beings have a â€Å"great wish to be loved† (3). Every person wishes to be loved; they want to be desired and cared for. Erich Fromm describes love as the â€Å"only sane and satisfactory answer to the problem of human existence.† If everyone felt loved and also gave that love to everyone else, the world would be crime-free. Hate crimes, thefts, murders, and even suicides would not occur; it would be ridiculous to hurt the ones we love. People would see each other as equals—black, white, brown, red and yellow would be seen all the same as they are loved. There would be no need to prosecute those with different belief systems—the world would be willing to understand them because of the love they share; burglaries would not occur because the affluent would care enough to gi ve those less fortunate the money they needed; there would be no killing because no one wants to kill the ones they love; and there would be no suicides because they would be loved—and to be loved is a feeling that suppresses all depressed and melancholy feelings. Without love, the existence of humanity would be pointless, as â€Å"a life without love† (Emerson 4) is â€Å"an activity without an aim† (Emerson 4). Old or young, poor or rich, all mankind deserves to be loved. Love pours out from our spirits causing others to feel the happiness we bestow upon them. However this love only works if we love everyone and accept their differences. â€Å"When it [the soul] flows through his affection, it is love† (Over-soul 2). If the world allowed their souls to show, love would flow and affections would be shown. However, we cannot allow ourselves to get caught up with the differences of others but accept them for who they are. Emerson writes, â€Å"if you can love me for what I am, we shall be the happier† (Self-Reliance 6). If the world loved everyone for whom they are, color and religion pushed aside, happiness would come forth, bringing about even more feelings of affection. The world needs this love because everyone should have the opportunity to feel loved and to feel joy. If we let this love flow from within us, we have allowed others to be shown the love we feel for them. This causes them to feel pleasure at being loved, and makes them fo rget about their race and their religion. Without love humanity is nothing; we feel nothing and care about nothing. Even though in the world, there is love, it is important to show our love to others; we need to increase the amount of love in the world so that others feel accepted and welcomed. Transcendentalists believe in individuality and originality—instead of treating others differently because everyone else does, the world needs to rise above and love them just as they love themselves. This way we can treat everyone with the same respect and give them the love they deserve; the love that every man desires. Through love, we can change the world.

Heavy Versus Light Reading: The Decipherment of Literary and Non-Liter

Heavy Versus Light Reading: The Decipherment of Literary and Non-Literary Texts In attempting to discriminate between the nature of a "literary" text and a "non-literary" text, a metaphor from Milan Kundera's The Unbearable Lightness of Being comes to mind. Especially in considering this same novel in contrast with a novel such as Danielle Steele's Vanished, the idea of lightness versus heaviness presents itself, and with it, a new way of approaching the decipherment of any high/low dichotomy of "literariness". When the "literary" text is imagined as "heavy" and the "non-literary" as "light", an interesting illumination is cast upon the scene, and parallels emerge alongside ideas originally presented in the writings of A. Easthope and Wolfgang Iser. In the novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being, Kundera (in writing a "weighty" novel himself), presents a distinction between the light and the heavy. The lightness of human existence resides in the idea of a life being lived only once - decisions being made only once. The singularity of such an existence seems to render it "unbearably light", or insignificant. An existence which is eternally repeated has, on the contrary, more "weight" to it in its substantive inexhaustibility. There is a seemingly infinite array of different possible choices to be made - multiple paths which could be followed. This "plural" brand of existence seems to carry more significance in its "heaviness". Easthope, in Literary into Cultural Studies, suggests that a high cultural ("literary") text such as Heart of Darkness (or The Unbearable Lightness of Being) possesses certain characteristics whose antitheses are found in a popular ("non-literary") text such as Tarzan (or a novel like Vanished).... ...eaning. Repetition of this kind of heavy reading of a light, insubstantial text, is no more than the repetition of a particular existence - the same life and the same death each time. A reader has one choice to make in experiencing the "non-literary" work: to either read it once (to experience the set lifetime once), or to read it multiple times (to become reincarnated into the same body and destiny time after time). This could very well be the reason that a text which is considered to be "literary" is indeed thought of as better or more fulfilling than a "non-literary" text. It is the "literary" text with all of its afore-mentioned characteristics which makes possible the "reincarnation" of the reader - which carries the potential for a reader to enjoy countless different experiences of lightness, no longer unbearable in such lightness, because of their plurality.

Business Management Monica Ashley

Implementing Strategic Change: Monica Ashley’s Experience â€Å"The Monica Ashley Case† illustrates a very conclusive example of how the correct use of power and influence in management is as important as, and sometimes even more important than, having all the right answers and being able to back them up with data. Power struggle, influence, politics, and resistance are all issues within this case study. It also prozides an example that witin project management it is essential to determine the key players, figure out what is important to them and utilize strategic management skills to influence the project. Monica Ashley, a highly driven and ambitious woman was the project manager of â€Å"Project Hippocrates† at HEAL-INC. She had individual power to use the company’s resources and people to accomplish job related tasks and duties. She initially had concerns about taking on the position however, with the personal encouragement and backing by the president of the company, Gary Dorr, she accepted. As the project manager, Monica had access and control over information such as reporting and data supporting the idea of purchasing a digital signal processor from an outside vendor. She also had information about the changes of customer needs and the competitor’s reactions to the changes. Therefore, her colleagues needed to depend on her to solve some of the problems they faced. This gave Monica information power. Although Monica had information power there were several types of power she was missing. Monica lacked reward power and coercive power. She couldn’t give monetary bonuses, promotions or any other form of rewards to colleagues who had done well in the project. More importantly, Monica didn’t have the power to punish anyone who hurt team morale and obstructed the progress of the project by engaging in organizational politics, such as Ralph Parker and Ed Kane. Monica had several years experience in important staff positions, which helped her in transferring her knowledge to this project however she lacked expert power. She didn’t have the expertise in designing and manufacturing of signal processors before taking up the project. She was relatively inexperienced when compared with Parker and she had neither made major contribution to the company nor built close relationship with her olleagues. Her colleagues also less respected her than Parker who had high informal individual power including expert power because of his expertise in analog signal processors. Parker was the vice president of signal processor design, and he believed that he was the only person that could specify the type of processor (analog or digital) to be used in the project. On occasion he discredited Monicas research and stated that it â€Å"wasn’t competant†. Monica chose not to align with Parker and rather continue on her track to comlete the project the best way she saw fit. Monica had legitimate power on the project with her team however she lacked with senior management. Dorr valued a â€Å"peaceful and productive environment† with no â€Å"hot competitors†. Based on her prior converstaion with Dorr it seemed he valued the teamwork aspect more than the expert power. Dorr was frustrated with her thinking that she had legitimate power and described her as â€Å"an Imperial Chinese Emperor. † Parker questioned her legitimate power when he shouted: â€Å"Who the hell do you think you are, going to an outside vendor. † Parker throughout the case used coercive power to intimidate Monica. He taunted her by calling her a â€Å"traitor and a renegade. † The power used by Parker to influence Dorr was not discussed in the case since most of their interaction happened behind closed doors. Though, whatever power used, it surely was more effective than that of Monica. Parker knew how to play the political game, while Monica thought that her numbers and data are going to be enough to get her targets’ buy in. Monica’s influence tactics relied heavily on rational persuasion. Before the Hippocrates project she used this rational persuasion successfully to influence Dorr. She backed up â€Å"her views with data when he (Dorr) asked why she disagreed. † Monica’s attempt to use rational persuasion during project Hippocrates did not yield the same positive results. On the other hand, Parker and Kane knew how to â€Å"play the game† at HEAL-INC. While Monica stuck to one tactic using data and information, Parker and Kane used several tactics in an attempt to influence their targets. This included pressure and time spent forming a coalition. Pressure was exerted on Monica, and she â€Å"ate the bait† and appeared to fight back. Monicas appearance to fight back worked against her since managers are expected to exert self-control. Behind closed doors, Parker and Kane brought Dorr to their side of the argument and used this coalition to marginalize Monica’s proposal. Eventually near the conclusion of the project Monica was removed from her position. Monica realized that she was too caught up in the technical and marketing challenges and she did not focus on assessing the interests of other key players. She had data and content for the project but lacked a foundation because she did not align with others. Her manager, Dan Stella, tried to coach Monica to be more influential but he couldn’t get her to listen to his advice. This proved to be an obstacle for her because when challenged by others Stella did not publically back her up. Stella had a lot at stake for his position in the company and therefore had to look out for himself. Monica also never addressed issues with Parker. She took her coworkers views of Parker as facts and did not bother to talk to him directly. Monica should have taken the opportunity to talk to Parker out of the context of presentations and possibly even work and learn more about him. The goal of meeting with Parker would have enabled her to build trust and rapport with him. She should have also worked actively on finding ways to include Parker in the decision making process. By including others in the project should would have encouraged positive input and perhaps eliminated behind-the-scenes maneuvering. In regards to Stella, rather than viewing his concerns as negative she needed to step back and reassess why he was coaching her. Stella was an invaluable alliance that she should have fostered and recognized. She should have given him the promise of more controlled behavior and listening to his advice, in turn he may have been more willing to publically support her. Monica also made mistakes with Dorr. She went head on with Parker even though Dorr specifically told her not to do so. Her intensity rather than patience and teamwork concerned Dorr. She didn’t do enough talking with Dorr about the project rather provided information in a public setting. The project required Dorr’s support and she did not align with him to build a strong foundation. This misjudgement proved to be a major weakness for Monica. She harmed an opportunity that provided her direct contact with the President of the company, a contact that senior managers should embrace. In order to be more infulential in the future, Monica needs to avoid heavily relying on just the merit of her work and viewing politics with distaste. The â€Å"numbers† are not the only focus for senior management. Effective managers need to also have self-control and show a perception of being team players. Monica needs to work on her relationship with her peers and superiors at HEAL-INC. This includes reaching out to the President Gary Dorr, her boss Dan Stella and last but not least Parker and Kane. In addition to that Monica needs to adapt her influence style. Going forward, she needs to recognize the influence of others and build trusting relationships with the key players involved. References: Porter, M. E. 1985, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, New York: Free Press. Hoskission, Hitt, Ireland, Harrison 2008, Competing for Advantage, Ohio: South Western. Influence without Authority website, www. influencewithoutauthority. com Edersheim, E, The Definitive Drucker Cohen and Bradford, 2005, Implementing Strategic Change: Monica Ashley’s Experience Case Study

To What Extent Are Conformity and Obedience Likely Outcomes of Human Behaviour

Conformity and obedience are forms of social influences which strongly affect our behaviour in social situations from following fashions to committing immoral acts because we are commanded to by someone who appears to be in a position of authority. This essay looks at to what extent are conformity and obedience likely outcomes of human behaviour and can individuals avoid these social influences? Conformity is a change in belief or behaviour in response to real or imagined group pressure when there is no direct request to comply with the group nor any reason to justify the behaviour change (Gross: 2010: P401).Research has shown that when confronted by social norms individuals will often adjust their behaviour closer to the perceived norm. The Asch (1951) experiment involved subjects performing a perception task saying which of a selection of lines matched a control line in length. The subjects were unaware that the other participants in the room were confederates. During the experimen t confederates would give the same incorrect answer to the question. Asch found that no one conformed on all the critical trials, and 13 of the 50 participants (26 per cent) never conformed.One person conformed on 11 of the 12 critical trials, and about 75 per cent conformed at least once during the experiment. (Gross: 2010: P403). This is backed up by Doms and Avermaet (1981) experiment they reproduced the same result as Asch. Obedience means behaving as instructed, but not necessarily changing your opinions. Obedience happens when you are explicitly directed to do something. Most obedience is reasonable, but when it is to unjust authority, the consequences may be disastrous. Flanagan: 2008: P125) In Milgrams experiment (1963) each participant took the role of a teacher who would then deliver a shock to the student every time an incorrect answer was produced. Whilst the participant believed that he was delivering real shocks the student was actually a confederate in the experiment. As the experiment progressed the teacher would hear the learner plead to be released. Once the 300-volt level had been reached the learner banged on the wall and demanded to be released.After this point the learner was completely silent and refused to answer any more questions. The experimenter then instructed the participant to treat this silence as an incorrect answer and deliver the shock. Most participants asked the experimenter if they should continue. The experimenter issued a series of commands to prod the participants along â€Å"please continue† and â€Å"the experiment requires that you continue†. The results of the experiment show that of the 40 participants 26 delivered the maximum shocks while only 14 stopped before reaching the highest levels.Some participants became extremely agitated and angry at the experimenter but continued to follow his orders. The findings from both these experiments would suggest that we conform and obey to a great extent. Howeve r levels of obedience did alter when we look at different variations of Milgram’s experiment (1963) for example proximity of learner – If the teacher was placed in the same room as the learner and had to press the learner’s hand on the shock plate, obedience fell to 30%. Flanagan: 2008: P125). Moscovici in his experiment of minority influence showed that people did not conform or obey. He placed 2 confederates together with 4 genuine participants all had no colour blindness. They were shown 36 slides which were clearly different shades of blue and asked to state the colour out loud. In the first part of the experiment the 2 confederates answered consistently green for each of the 36 slides. In the second part they answered inconsistent green 24 and blue 12 times.Moscovici found that the participants in the consistent condition yielded and called the slides green in 8. 4% of trials. 32% of the participants in the consistent condition reported a green slide at lea st once. Participants in the inconsistent condition yielded and called the slides in only 1. 3% of the trials. In this situation we can see that social influence occurs as a result of minority, rather than majority influence therefore minorities can influence the majority but not all the time and only when the confederates behaved consistently.Moscovici shows that if majority influence was the only process, then opinions would never change because we all would continue to follow the majority. Yet history is littered with examples of changing attitudes, such as those towards females and homosexuals. These changes are due to minority influence. These findings to somewhere towards answering the initial question of this discussion – to what extent are conformity and obedience likely outcomes of human behaviour?Obviously there is no definite answer and never will be as all humans are individuals with their own personality. Every person is born into society with their own particula r culture, language, style of dress and behaviour. However, every person is introduced to acceptable attitudes and beliefs, and learn certain norms and values which are thought ‘appropriate’ by other members of their group. This socialisation can effect peoples decision making and choices because we as humans feel the need to have acceptance and to be part of a group – therefore to conform and obide.In answer to the second question can individuals avoid these social influences? Social influence occurs when one’s emotions, opinions or behaviours are effected by others and can be seen in conformity and obedience. Social Influence is largely concerned with the factors that maintain the status quo by conforming to the views or behaviour of the majority or obedience to those in a position of authority. People with strong moral convictions are less likely to be influenced therefore avoiding social influence. (Flanagan: 2008).

Betrayal essays

Betrayal essays BETRAYAL The American university in Cairo Performing and Visual Arts opened its 1998 Spring Season on February 13th in Wallace Theater on campus with Harold Pinter's play, Betrayal. This play was directed by Eric Grischkat, and the costume design was made by Timaree Mc Cormick. AUC students have strongly participated in the designing, lighting, setting, directing, and in acting. These students were Noha Farouk, Shereef Bishay, Karim Bishay, Ramsi Lehner, and Alaa Shalaby. Betrayal is play that tell the story of two very close friends, Robert, and Jerry. Both of them were married and had children. Both families loved, and respected each other. However, this did not last long because betrayals took place. This play includes eight betrayals; therefore, one can obviously see how well fit the title is to the main theme of the play . In the first place, Emma resorted to betraying her husband because she did not find true love with him so she thought she could find it with Jerry . However, she failed this time too and so she tried Casey. Robert was not the right person for Emma as he was so cold. There is nothing that moves him even when he knew that Emma was betraying him , he was only concerned with whether Ned was his son or not. This is not the normal action of any husband who have just found out that his wife has been betraying him with his best friend for five whole years ! Pinter has written this play in an unusual way . Its actions move from the latter to the former;( i.e. the play began in the year 1977 and ended in 1968 ). Pinter said that the most effective way to handle this play was by moving backwards. I agree with him because if it moved normally from the oldest to the latest it would not have been that interesting . Eric Grischkat keeps the energy and the actors moving, remembering that the main idea is the dishonesty and betrayal of friends who are humans, not ...

The Great Train Robbery of 1855 essays

The Great Train Robbery of 1855 essays On May 16, 1855, a train owned by the South Eastern Railway, traveling from London to Folkestone, the perfect crime took place. A group of four men succeeded in robbing the train of 12,000 of gold, weighing two hundred pounds, while it was being transported from London, England to Boulogne, France. The plan was in development for many years by two career criminals, Edward Agar and William Pierce. When the two men first discussed the possibility of robbing the train, they decided it was too risky. Yet, neither man could dismiss the idea of the heist. Later, at a chance meeting by Pierce and Agar, the heist was revisited and the two agreed that it would be possible if they could obtain copies of the safe keys. Realizing they needed help, they recruited two employees of the railroad, James Burgess, a guard, and William George Tester, a clerk. The execution of the crime was near perfect and they were successful in the heist. No arrests were made at the time. Edward Agar was late r arrested for check fraud. During Agars incarceration, Pierce reluctantly promised to take care of Agars son and the childs mother, Fanny Kay, but did not honor the promise. Upon hearing this, Agar turned witness against Pierce, Burgess and Tester. If not for one broken promise, all involved would have remained at large, save for Edward Agar. The Great Gold Robbery of 1855 was the most brilliant crime to date, and would have remained unsolved but for a broken promise. In the late 1840s, William Pierce was working as ticket printer for the South Eastern Railway when he met Edward Agar (Yousof). Both men had committed many petty crimes before they met. In conversation, Edward expressed curiosity about the security and procedures surrounding the transport of gold. Pierce explained to him how the gold shipments were sent. Due to a failed robbery attempt on the Great Western Railway, new heightened security measures were implem...

15 Types of Documents

15 Types of Documents 15 Types of Documents 15 Types of Documents By Mark Nichol Many terms exist that distinguish one form of documentation from another. Here are some words for specific documents, with explanations of their functions as well as additional definitions of the terms. 1. Bond: an agreement made binding by a payment of money if the agreement is not honored; also, an adhesive, restraining, or uniting element, force, or object, or, as a verb, to create such an effect 2. Certificate: a document attesting that something is true or someone is qualified, or proving debt or ownership, or, as a verb, to certify 3. Charter: a written contract or instrument, or grant or guarantee, that defines conditions, privileges, or rights, or a lease of all or part of a vessel, or, as a verb, to confer such an agreement, or to offer for hire 4. Compact: an agreement (related but not identical to compact, meaning â€Å"dense†) 5. Constitution: a written instrument detailing a political or social entity’s rules and the rights of its citizens or members, the laws or principles of such an entity, or any custom or law; also, the composition or establishment of something 6. Contract: a document detailing an agreement, often enforceable by law, between people or parties, or the agreement itself, or, as a verb, to enter into an agreement; also, in criminal jargon, an arrangement to assassinate someone 7. Covenant: a document recording a formal binding agreement, or the agreement itself, or an action to remedy breach of such an agreement, or, as a verb, to make such an agreement 8. Diploma: usually refers to a record of a degree earned from an educational institution, although it also applies rarely in general to a document conferring an honor or privilege or to an official document 9. Guarantee: a written or stated agreement about possessing or using something or about the longevity or quality of a product, or the agent of such as agreement, or, as a verb, to provide such an agreement 10. Guaranty: synonymous with guarantee, but also an agreement to be responsible for payment of a debt or performance of a duty, or a pledge (see below), or, as a verb, to provide such an agreement 11. License: a document or other item that is evidence of the granting of a license, or the authority to engage in an activity, or assignment of some or all rights by a patent or copyright holder to another, or, as a verb to grant such a document; also, straying from artistic forms or standards and, generally, freedom or permission to act, or, specifically, irresponsibly or with disregard for standards (in the latter senses, also referred to as licentiousness) 12. Passport: a document authorizing the bearer to pass into and out of sovereign nations, or, as a verb to send or take items through a country; also, generally, authorization or permission to travel, or, figuratively, something that enables achievement of a goal 13. Pledge: a binding promise to do or not do something, or a contract for performance of an act or security of a debt, or the security itself, or, as a verb, to agree to such a promise or contract 14. Surety: synonymous with guarantee or pledge, or certainty, confidence, or the foundation of confidence or security 15. Warrant: a document assigning authority to do or act, or, as a verb, to assure, declare, or guarantee Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouGrammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesHow to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications

Ethic Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethic Reflection - Essay Example do not directly contribute to the bottom line, they contribute towards social responsibility and develop relationships with the neighboring communities. Therefore, when organizations are confronted with hard decisions, they need to know that coming up with decisions will not only affect the employees and the corporation, but it has an impact on the stakeholders of the company and the public communities. Moreover, making the wrong or right decisions will affect many individuals, which is why ethics is so significant (Fassin, 2012). Stakeholders are those individuals that have a stake in the company. Stakeholders should be convinced that the resources spent on making the business a success are used well. It also assists the organizations to center on performance as passionate stakeholders still judge organizations primarily on their ability to deliver and the customer experience (Fassin, 2009). Ethics and social responsibility facilitates the organization to realize less wasteful and i nnovative methods to clarify to the stakeholders how good their business is and makes sure corporate citizenship and good business are practiced and understood all over the organization. This ensures that the stakeholders and other individuals involved in the organization to adjust to any changes in the company progressively and this prevents hostility and anger toward the organization (Elms, Brammer, Harris, & Phillips, 2010). My ethical perception has taken a complete new viewpoint throughout this program. I feel that my personal view of ethics is progressing, bearing in mind the information and knowledge I am gaining through this program and the personal experiences. At first, I used to love working on assignments on my own, and not asking for assistance since I feared something would not be done correctly. However, that has changed, and now I tend to work well with co-workers and I am patient. I discovered that I work well in groups, and my communication with co-workers is good.

Interagency Disater Management of the US Midwest Floods of 1993 and Essay

Interagency Disater Management of the US Midwest Floods of 1993 and how it Might be Managed Different Today - Essay Example When the disaster subsided, meetings and hearings were convened, new policies were drafted, and the administration of Clinton assigned a task force. Key decision makers and legislators required documents, reports, assessments and development programs. A small portion of the population affected by the catastrophic flooding, whether they are on the floodplain or in the Beltway, hope for genuine reform, though, for different rationales: the flood-control strategy as well as the interagency flood management spends too much money, persuades behavior that worsens the predicament, and gives out some luscious boons to a privileged few, which consequently cultivated recurrent environmental crises (Sharp et al., 1997). As soon as the waters ebbed, interests in and attempts for reconstruction have receded as well. The gravely desired reforms in the system will, as the past has showed us, stayed mainly unmade. Afterward, with the following great flood, the same succession of hand-pressing, downpour of sympathy and financial assistance, and the consequent grief about costs, illogicalities, and injustices will be repeated. It is quite terrible. In fact, the solutions are not costly or even technologically complicated. They decided, though, to resolve a number of steamy issues, to deal with the execution rigidly and fairly, and, most importantly, more political moral fiber than is normally observed when flood-management decisions are usually made while the flooding devastates the lives of the people within its reach. In President Clinton’s State of the Union Address in 1994, he referred to the US Midwest Flood of 1993 as a‘500-year flood,’ which consequently led numerous people to think that such a catastrophe, could only occur once every 500 years. However, that is logically invalid. Such a hurricane could possibly happen the following spring. Our watercourses are speckled with â€Å"United States Geological Survey

Shifts In Maritime Transportation Industry Case Study

Shifts In Maritime Transportation Industry - Case Study Example The present slow down of the industry in the developed world gives rise to this pessimism however, the forecast for the developing world produces a completely contrasting picture. Maritime transportation is intricately linked by the means of transportation i.e by the shipping industry. Thus the health of the shipping industry gives a fair picture of the state of the transportation industry. After the end of the Second World War, The United States was the leading country in maritime transportation. The remarkable Marshall Plan saw the rebuilding of a shattered Europe in which seaborne commerce played an important role. Transportation of oil as also other goods increased manifolds. Closure of the Suez Canal in 1956 caused a short term downswing, but also helped add impetus to the shipping industry as the oil now had to come around the Cape of Good Hope thus increasing the capacity and capability of the maritime transportation sector. Between 1957 and 1973, the West's domination of the maritime transportation industry was challenged by Japan who became the industry leader. In that period the transportation industry was very much a 'sunset industry' as far as the Europeans and the Americans were concerned but a 'sunshine industry' for Japan. The OPEC oil embargo of 1973, caused a sudden glut of oil tankers which had no cargo to carry. Consequently, the maritime transportation industry suffered badly. The Japanese shipbuilding industries suffered heavily and in the intervening vacuum, the South Koreans stepped in to claim their stake in the global maritime transportation pie. China and Singapore too joined the race. The maritime transportation industry today is characterized by some important factors shaping the world.

Tax Memos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tax Memos - Essay Example Under Section 1212, Anita will be entitled to carry forward this capital loss to succeeding years, provided there is a net loss including all other similar type of transactions involving capital transfer. Moreover, Anita can claim a deduction of $600 from taxable income, since it is well within the limits amounting $3000, under Section 1211 (Cornell University Law School, â€Å"Limitation on Capital Losses†). While analyzing this situation, Anita, being a taxpayer has to refer to Section 267 of US Code of taxation, if she wants to sell the stocks to her sister, Kathy (Cornell University Law School, â€Å"Losses, Expenses and Interest with respect to transactions between Related Tax Payers†). Under Section 267, Kathy would be considered as a related party in this type of transaction between the two, Anita and Kathy and hence the amount of deduction will not be available then. However, sale of the stocks to her friend, Marcia will not attract Section 267. Marcia and Dave, who are married to each other is planning for a divorce agreement. They have two children and will be in the custody of Marcia after their separation. In accordance with the divorce agreement Dave decides to keep the boat and give away the home to Marcia. Dave and Marcia will also have to decide upon whether Marcia will be receiving the stocks which were acquired at $100,000 and having a present market value of $150,000 or in the form of yearly payments to Marcia for 5 years, with an included yearly interest @ 8% p.a. On analyzing this situation, the first consideration would be the tax consequences as a result of the transfer and settlement of properties. The immediate tax implications will be nil because Under Section 1041, any transfer of property within 1 year of the divorce will not amount to any gain or loss. However, it can have an effect in future, after 1 year, when either the home or the boat is sold by any of them and it can attract capital

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 104

Case Study Example Consequently, the liver is stimulated to produce more glucose into the blood system so as to provide more energy for muscles (Pino, p.15) Coagulation refers to the process in which blood changes from liquid to a gel. Coagulation will in turn result in homeostasis and stops blood loss from a damaged vessel. Coagulation profile refers to an analysis of the various components that assist in blood clotting. These substances include Prothrombin time, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, Thrombin Time, Fibrinogen, and Fibrin Degradation Products. All this substances have a healthy percentage or value, and deficiency of an element may result in coagulation complications (Blood disorders Para 12). It may either be internal or external. Rapid blood loss occurs in persons suffering from anaemia. It results in losing large amounts of blood. It leads to a drastic fall in blood pressure and a reduction in bodies oxygen supply. These problems may lead to a heart attack. Chronic blood loss occurs where a patient loses small amounts of blood from their body organs within an extended period. Rapid blood loss is treated by blood transfusion while chronic blood loss may be treated with the intake of iron supplements usually tablet for several months Several complications may occur during the treatment of bone fractures with the risk of complications varying with the type of bone fracture. In the case of Mr. Liu in the case study, some of the complications may include the development of pneumothorax, respiratory compromise or even frail chest due to the multiple rib fractures. Observations should always be made to make sure it either an open fracture or closed fracture. The skin should be checked if its intact. Radiography results are reviewed thoroughly as a single break is easier to treat than a comminuted fracture. Capillary refill is also checked, if they are no p[resent pulses the patient might have serious internal problems. Sharp bone

UK Budget Hotel Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

UK Budget Hotel Sector - Essay Example The importance of conducting this research is seen in the relevance of discussing financial crisis in today's time, which affects almost all businesses, sectors, and industries. In the light of this financial crisis, the study shall look at the direction and future of the UK budget hotel sector. The economic theories will help direct the research in its determination of the future of the sector in order to produce a socially scientific prediction on the direction of its future. The research is also relevant in today's era of globalization, which allows businesses to compete at a wider scope of markets. The financial crisis in which the UK budget hotel is situated is also a relevant point of discussion since it enables for a development of insights on the current global crisis situation. Hence, since globalisation, competitive advantage, and economic productivity are relevant concepts in today's businesses, the pursuit for this research makes it an important endeavour. Likewise, the current global crisis that puts nations, trade, and businesses in a rather bad condition is an important aspect that will be necessarily touched in the research due to the topic itself. All of these considerations will be tackled in the research, making it fit to the body of knowledge which other researchers may utilise for their own. IV. Literature Review The literature review will comprise of three parts: The development of the UK budget hotel sector The globalised industry in which the budget hotel sector is situated How financial crisis affect budget hotels The Development of the UK Budget Hotel Sector Brotherton (2004) explores the critical success factors in the operations of UK budget hotel and utilises the questionnaire survey design in ascertaining the relevance of these factors in academic and trade literature. A report from Hall (2004) suggests that in over a five-year period from 1997, there was an annual growth rate of almost 20 percent in room capacity among the UK budget hotel sector. The report likewise examines key emerging trends in the sector, including the branded budget hotels' city-centre focus. In the development of UK budget hotel, it is important to mention that the management of "commitment cultures," the recruitment and selection procedures, and the training and development practices, which are all in the heart of human resource management (HRM) are important points to ponder (McGunnigle and Jameson, 2000, p. 404). It is suggested that firms that adopt an HRM approach put high regard on employee commitment, sophisticated and objective

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 104

Case Study Example Consequently, the liver is stimulated to produce more glucose into the blood system so as to provide more energy for muscles (Pino, p.15) Coagulation refers to the process in which blood changes from liquid to a gel. Coagulation will in turn result in homeostasis and stops blood loss from a damaged vessel. Coagulation profile refers to an analysis of the various components that assist in blood clotting. These substances include Prothrombin time, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, Thrombin Time, Fibrinogen, and Fibrin Degradation Products. All this substances have a healthy percentage or value, and deficiency of an element may result in coagulation complications (Blood disorders Para 12). It may either be internal or external. Rapid blood loss occurs in persons suffering from anaemia. It results in losing large amounts of blood. It leads to a drastic fall in blood pressure and a reduction in bodies oxygen supply. These problems may lead to a heart attack. Chronic blood loss occurs where a patient loses small amounts of blood from their body organs within an extended period. Rapid blood loss is treated by blood transfusion while chronic blood loss may be treated with the intake of iron supplements usually tablet for several months Several complications may occur during the treatment of bone fractures with the risk of complications varying with the type of bone fracture. In the case of Mr. Liu in the case study, some of the complications may include the development of pneumothorax, respiratory compromise or even frail chest due to the multiple rib fractures. Observations should always be made to make sure it either an open fracture or closed fracture. The skin should be checked if its intact. Radiography results are reviewed thoroughly as a single break is easier to treat than a comminuted fracture. Capillary refill is also checked, if they are no p[resent pulses the patient might have serious internal problems. Sharp bone

Sino-Soviet Relations, 1958-1962 --- The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Essay - 1

Sino-Soviet Relations, 1958-1962 --- The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis and the Sino-Soviet Split - Essay Example This paper seeks to provide an understanding of how this ideal partnership collapsed and how the second Taiwan crisis of 1958 not only highlighted the tensions between China and the Soviet Union, but contributed to its demise. By the 1960s, the Sino-Soviet Alliance was practically shattered as their respective ideologies and polices were increasingly at odds. The office of the US Central Intelligence Agency reported to the US’s administrators in February 1962 that: Sino-Soviet relations are in a critical phase just short of an acknowledged and definitive split. There is no longer much of a fundamental resolution of differences. In our view, the chances that such a split can be avoided in 1962 are no better than ever.2 There are a number of theories put forth by historians and political scientists attempting to understand the driving force splitting the union between the world’s two largest Communist states. Athwal argues that the US’ â€Å"nuclear superiority† put increasing pressures on Sino-Soviet relations and policies by first influencing China to obtain nuclear weapons and by forcing the Soviets to look to the West in a more amicable way. Moreover, both China and the Soviet Union had different perceptions of the US threat which created additional tensions between the USSR and China. In addition, the US policies toward the Chinese Communist Party and the US sponsorship of CENTO and SEATO and its presence in South Asia placed continuing pressure on Sino-Soviet relations contributing to the split.3 Haas submits that at the heart of the matter was a growing discord between the USSR and China over China’s policies toward Taiwan. Significantly, Khrushchev had been entirely supportive of China’s â€Å"most important foreign policy objective: the reunification with Taiwan†.4 It was widely believed that one of the greatest bones of contention between the USSR and China contributing to the Sino-Soviet split was a

Analysing the strategy of IKEA

Analysing the strategy of IKEA IKEA, has operations in as many as 41 countries with 29 trading service office in 25 countries along with 27 Distribution Centres plus 11 Customer Distribution Centres in 16 countries Since 1997, Ikea has more than 300 Stores in 35 countries and it has further plans to expand in Russia and China and to Start in India. Inspite of IKEA brand expanding across the world and Sales growth increasing the rise has been moderate considering the economical slum across the world since 2009 and still expected to be around for financial year 2010-2011 Economical uncertainty around people tend to invest less in leisure and comfort and prefer to save for the rainy day , based on this factor , In order to sustain current Sales growth and to improve performance , expanding into new territory and opening new stores wont help the model. Instead, Ikea in order to maintain the Top brand status in its segment must pursue the model of Cost Effectiveness by assessing the Competitors and External environment , track the key Opportunities and read the Threats which it can affect their Sales growth and business as a whole , study its Strengths and Weaknesses that affects or could affect for current and future fincancial year to get the best out of the current weak consumer market. The base of this report is to forcast Strategies for improving the performance of the IKEA in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and returns to investors this we will be doing by assessing IKEA s External environment with the help of PESTLE analysis to track the Political, Economical, Social, Technological, legal and Environmental situtions along with the Industrial environment using the Portals five forces model to analyse the core business segment of IKEA. Report will also cover the SWOT analysis to analyse the companys Internal performance to track the Opportunities and Threats it faces and could be facing in future. Introduction. IKEA, the Swedish privately owned chain established in 1943 is a International retailer of home products that ranges from furniture, bathroom and kitchen accessories. Brand name IKEA is derived from the initials of its founder owner Ingvar Kamprad, the farm Elmtaryd where Ingvar grew up in the village called Agunnaryd. IKEA blue and yellow logo represts the color of the Swedish National Flag,. IKEA since its inception in 1943, has established its presence and operational base in many countries across continents in Europe, USA, Canada, Asia and Australia. The IKEA group also has expanded the IKEA brand in Russia ,China East Europe and Middle East and is looking for a partner to make their presence in India. IKEA started with selling products like picture frames, wallets, tablerunners before moving to the core main business line Furniture in the year 1948 and year 1955 IKEA started manufacturing its own furniture ranges with were innovative , low cost and yet attractive and that could be self assembled. IKEA collects Franchise fees in form of 3% sales from each of its stores , In 2004 IKEA group made à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬631m in franchise fees and after deducation of operational charges made à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬225m pre tax profits. IKEA brand is managed and operated by INGKA Holding company which is associated with INGKA Foundation registered as a Charity organisation registed under Dutch law which implies that IKEAs entire asset and earning TAX exempted and with Kampard family controlling the INGKA foundation makes IKEA a tightly controlled family enterprise keeping it safe from hostile takeovers. IKEA management as part of its Social and Environment committment have taken to Green initiative to reduce Carbon footprint across its worldwide chains of stores have invested into renewable source of power like Wind and Solor based power Utilization for its electricity needs and as part of this IKEA in 2010 brought Six wind farms in Germany with capacity of 45MW generating enough power to run 17 IKEA stores and Four wind farms in France taking the total of wind turbines owned by IKEA to 52 covering 10% of power needs of the IKEA. IKEAs Charitable initiative includes working in close association with various groups like UNCEF in programs suchs as Save the children to help fight child labour problem in north India,works with American Forest , works with organisation that deals in causes such as violence against Women and children in Uganda and played important role in helping American victims of Hurrican Katrina. IKEA having establised its brand name in Western Europe where IKEA is short name for home appliances that comes with latest designs and at a affordable price for the working class, In UK and Ireland IKEA made Sales of  £1.2 bn with 6% market rise. In France which is the third largest market for IKEA, company has around 28 stores and IKEA had around 17% market share and accounted for 10% of overall IKEA Global growth. Germany has around 45 IKEA stores and it was the biggest market for IKEA in 2009 accounting for 16% of overall Global growth. IKEA ventured into new horizons particularly in America ,Australia , Russia, China and Japan and its employee base in Year 2010 touched 127,000, number of IKEA stores grew at rate of 10% annually, IKEA has around 12 Stores in Russia and the sales from Russia was expected to grown in range of around 15.5 % annually China which has around 8 stores the sales for IKEA in around 2004 to 2006 was around $120m, Australia has around 5 stores the total sales from Asia and Australia contributed around 6% of global sales and the profits for year 2009-2010 jumped from $434,000 to $4.9 million. IKEA had in around 2004 set the target for US to have around 50 outlets by 2010 and is second biggest market by sales, IKEA modelled their stores as not just a place strickly for one time shoppers but as a family outing, this model arounds the concept of having wacky promotions and having one Stop Sancture for which their stores have recreational facilities like baby centres and restaurants so that shopper s can take a break ,as a breather and fresh mind would always encourage the shoppers to keep going, US and JAPAN venture was a learning curve for IKEA as the sales initially didnt touched the expected level in around the 90s era, inspite of their products being competitive in the price segment IKEA sales were down and hence there was the bottleneck which latter was found out to be matching the phrase When in Rome , do what the Romans do, IKEA designers found that in order to increase their sales they had suit to everyones need based on the community day to day following in this IKEAs US based designers analysed the home appliance needs of the Hispanic communities which normally have large family hence for example a European styled table for two would have not been a good bargin for the large family , IKEA used this learning curve in US to design their product to match the needs of the local community and used this as a benchmark across the world which helped IKEA brand become a hous ehold name outside the Western European zone as well. The European Market accounted for 82% of Sales with revenue reaching $27 billion by 2007 and in 2008 its websites had touched around 450 million hits. Current Macro level Study. PESTEL Analyis Political Factors: IKEA started with a family business model expanding itself across the world , same way in many countries wood craft business has been main source of Income for many since generations and to protect the locals community and their main source of Income,Local Government takes to Protectionism so that their business can sustain and also help boast local Production and under Protectionists policies local government can put certain restriction like high tariffs on imports and have a fix celling price for the products . IKEA main selling concept was that its product were low in comparision however IKEA have always taken note of Local Government policies and worked within the legal frame work on all fronts including the pricing. The recent Economic downturn did help IKEA to sustain without needing to increase the price of its product as many of the local government had reduced the taxes and on provided subsidies to firms on account of the global economic crisis. Economic Factors: The current economical downturn has had its affect on the IKEAs over all Profitibility with reduced margins as consumers tend to save more and spend less on consumer goods because of the reduced purchasing power for many have been made redundant ,working at reduced salary and or freeze on the annual increments and in the environment where you dont know if you will have the job next day. The constant fluctuation of exchange rates and price of fuels and raw materials that is being used by IKEA have gone up around the world resulting in increased purchasing price and increase in distribution costs which makes it difficult to sell finished products at low price and due to economical crisis many local retailers have reduced their tariffs there by bringing down the profit margin of IKEA.IKEA have to therefore take steps accordingly to adjust to this economical uncertainty to maintain its brand image and sales. Social Factors: Social factors plays a very important role in growth of a brand and on Sales that variably decides the profit margins in new territories, for example for the Hispanic community based in USA which normally have large family hence for large family a European styled table for two-four would have not been a good bargin for the large family of say Six, likewise Japanese people who are brand conscious are ready to buy products at high price would think twice to buy IKEA products that are sold as low price products on same line the social following in China and India would differ from the Japanese following as In India and China communities follow the concept of Saving rather than going by the western lifesytle of living life on Credits so they may prefer IKEA brand which are marketed as best product at low price. Technological Factors: In order to attrack a new customer and please the existing customers, tested product delivered ontime and easy to use does the trick and in this mode business to sustain must take to latest technology and systems, IKEA have always taken to modernation model which helped shorter at their walk in stores , on time scheduling and dispatching of goods to trading partners and end online customers using Radio Frequency Identification device(RFID) which have helped the supply chain following of IKEA , proper training to labour force within production line and at stores have also helped IKEA streamline their business model. Legal Factors: IKEA follows legal parameters down right to the last point as in evry country they have their businesses, In some countries logging is illegal and in some countries locals along with international peace organisation protest against wood based Industries , IKEA keeps all these government law, regulations and local concerns in mind and takes to fair business trading, Environmental Factors: IKEA maintains and sticks to International stated standards across the global when it comes to Enviornment , IKEA follows that to present a positive corporate Image they have to keep note of local and International concerns on environment, keeping these factors IKEA have taken to sustainable business practices format in relation to air,water and noise pollutions in terms of their finished products. IKEA forest practise is encompassed within their IWAY which specifies labour ,environment and forest management for itself and its suppliers Internal Analysis IKEA since its inception with its vast experience in the Furniture segment and Cost management, best business practice and product differentiation have turned the brand into a International name in the Home appliance retail business , IKEA with its Strengths and different Opportunities have its own Weaknesses and faces Threats from certain determined and some unforeseen conditions. SWOT analysis for IKEA: Strengths: IKEA have over the years able to place themself as a household brand in the Home appliances segment across continents across communities and across the Economical class. IKEA vast network of stores,malls ,partners and supplies along with their Customer and market based pricing model keeps the Sales growth not to fall down below a level even in tough economical crisis. IKEA with years load of experience in the Home Applicance business have Product specialists who comes handy to design sleek attractive product at affordable prices for the end user. Weaknesses: IKEA believes in following Strick Labour and Environment policies set by local government , however due to their sheer volume of Global Business it might happen that in some countries local partners may not be following all the policies to the full spirit which might bring down the Image of IKEA in the eyes of the end Consumers who are conscious and concern for these Issues. IKEA even thou is a Established across continents the bulk of the Revenue comes from european market where 90% of its Stores are based. IKEA even thou employes latest technology right from purchasing of raw material to the despatching of the finished product , their Customer service model is still contact based and in this day and night age of having 24*7 voice based customer service some customer may get swayed across by competitors advertising their customer service as being best to current world following. Opportunity: IKEA pricing model have attracted people from all Income groups in Europe and America and since IKEA is concentrating on Asian market specially India and China with such a large middle class population that are cost conscious , IKEA business model will be best suited for growth in these price conscious based market. IKEAs vast years of experience in this segment helps them to design products as per local community and changing market needs. Threats: IKEA since is spread worldwide any Change in Political and economical needs due to religious, cultural and political uprising for example the current situation in the middle east where locals are up against Administration for seeking implementation of democracy could affect the overall business model in short and the long term plans in-terms of Sales growth and revenue generations. Uprising in terms of political,cultural and religious Issues which could lead to rise in fuel price which in turn could lead to increase in distribution cost affecting the supply chain link and the pricing model of IKEA. IKEA Partners who have been given franchisees rights could suddenly put in new conditions to the central IKEA management. IKEA main suppliers of raw material may run into problem again due to political,Cultural or religious uprising in the local government zone which could affect the overall supply chain link of IKEA. Porters five forces model for IKEA Power of the Buyers: Economical situations do alter the buying pattern across the globe however IKEA has a edge over its competitors as IKEA have always followed the a pricing model that is flexible to change in situation and caters to all class of customers to fit the buyers need. Power of Supplier: IKEA Utilizes the service of several third party suppliers for its product line who have to follow strick International standards laid down by IKEA. Normally suppliers try to set in conditions in midst of their business relationship however uptill now IKEA have not faced such situation as IKEA have business relationship with several suppliers who competete with each other. Rivalry: Furniture brands cater to special styles and functionality for example Cratel Barrel have their product in a box format and is priced at a high end same goes for brand Wal-mat which again comes in box format even thou prices are at affordable range but they lack the style appeal.IKEA has very strong hold in the home appliance market and has become a house hold name across the world and their product line come in complete package and at a attractive price which keeps no scope for rival firms to adversely effect the Sales growth of IKEA. New Entrants: IKEA which is a established brand world wide there is little scope for new entrant to affect IKEA business in cities and towns where IKEA have a hold for their best pricing model , good supply chain link and their advertisement so it is difficult for new entrant to take on such a big brand name to have affect on growth sales of IKEA. Substitutes: IKEA have vast experience in the home appliance segment and have designers who have expertise in this segment and use latest technology and development in the home appliances segment so even if there is any new trend or development on the product line technology and style IKEA have resources who can come up their own to be in line with the needs of current trends. FUTURE: Strategic Direction for the future. All established Business enterprises have suffered on the profit margin charts since 2009 todate due to the economical turmoil that has hit across the world, IKEA in order to sustain the profit margins in future have to plan keeping current market situation in which many numbers have been made redundant, retained by employers at a reduced pay package and or their Increment have been freezed, IKEA have always attracted customers because of their attractive product which are priced at low end and IKEA which have their own research and design team who have years load of experience in this field will have to come out with products that are Multi-purpose, cost effective , cuts production costs and can appeal to large section of the society in midst of the economical recession. Some of the IKEA suppliers for example Shaw Wood at their Nova scotia plant took to Lean Management which goes on the concept of Faster, Better, Cheaper which helped Shaw Wood reduce production time,reduced production costs and reduced nonessential activities in the product line as everything happened as planned this helped IKEA directly , IKEA taking lessons from Shaw Wood supplier could seek to implement the same Lean management concept at its own production plants across the globe and also suggest its other suppliers to take to this route as production cost saved can partly offset rise in raw materials and fuel prices and this inturn will help IKEA in their low pricing model which can increase the Sales growth . Most of the business have moved major chunk of their selling directly to the customer via telephone booking and on-line booking , IKEA have always had a sucessful online selling model with nearly 450 million hits for FY 2007, IKEA should carry forward with their good advertisement concepts that capatures the local community and how IKEA product fits into the daily needs of their life plus IKEA could promote online Advertisements on different networking sites like Orkut and facebook as most of the end consumers have moved their shopping needs online and constant promotional based advertisements can tempt the online implusive shopper into going for the deal bargin. IKEA even thou employes latest technology right from purchasing of raw material to the despatching of the finished product , their Customer service model is still contact based and voice recorded based in this day and night age of having 24*7 live voice based customer service some customer may get swayed across by competitors advertising their customer service as being best to current world following IKEA have managed to sustain Sales growth inspite of the recession and their low price model by having good supply chain link, to continue further on this growth path IKEA should associate with local established suppliers on a long term basis and contracts that tides away uncertainities like fluctation of exchange rates ,increase in fuel costs or turmoil in the region of distribution by political or social uprising, to have good supply chain link IKEA needs to have a robost logistic system at their distribution centre which cuts costs as for moving the products around IKEA would need the use of trucks and trains, IKEA can go for cost effective by renting trucks instead of owning trucks from local established vehicle rental companies on a long term agreement contract as this would save IKEA distribution centres costs of vehicle Insurance, Vehicle breakdown , on Vehicle services and MOT as most of the vehicle rental companies include these as a package for their exclusive long term big customers. IKEA has a strong brand presence across the world in order to retain their brand Image specially taking legal,labour and environment concerns as there is large number of customers that are emotional over these Issues and going on wrong side could bring down the Image, IKEA will have to keep going with their ethical and moral following which they have been following and insisting their partners as well as suppliers to follow on the same track that is on complying with legal ,labour and environmental standards as laid by the government. Reference : Executive Summary http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/pdf/yearly_summary/Welcome_inside_2010_update.pdf http://franchisor.ikea.com/showContent.asp?swfId=store9 Recent Past. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/oct/01/ikea-profits-increase http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/IKEA-sets-growth-course-in-France-2010-09-28T093729Z-INTERVIEW-UPDATE-1 http://yourbusinessinrussia.blogspot.com/2010/10/ikea-publish-its-financial-reports.html http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b5b6ce42-bb68-11df-a136-00144feab49a.html#axzz1GRTmr3OZ http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/store/croydon/environment http://www.economist.com/node/6919139?story_id=6919139 http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/pdf/yearly_summary/Welcome_inside_2010_update.pdf http://franchisor.ikea.com/showContent.asp?swfId=store9 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/oct/01/ikea-profits-increase http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/IKEA-sets-growth-course-in-France-2010-09-28T093729Z-INTERVIEW-UPDATE-1 http://yourbusinessinrussia.blogspot.com/2010/10/ikea-publish-its-financial-reports.html http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/store/croydon/environment http://www.economist.com/node/6919139?story_id=6919139 Future growth http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/jobs/business_types/distribution_logistics/index.html IKEA Lean Management. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3156/is_13_106/ai_n25038763/

Pressure Relief Valves :: essays research papers

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES Chemical Engineering Lab I Question: Discuss the importance of Relief Valves in the unit operations in detail, and give the design criteria/ parameters/ models available equations in the literature. Support your work by giving a typical example from the literature. INTRODUCTION Since the inception of pressurized systems to produce and transmit energy, it has been a constant goal to find safe, dependable means of relieving pressure. The simple, inexpensive, spring loaded relief valves has been manufactured for over a hundred and fifty years, performing its job with varying degrees of reliability over that time period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Unites States alone, boiler explosions caused a significant loss of life reaching a peak with 400 such explosions in 1904. With the adoption of the ASME Pressure and Vessel Code in 1911, boiler explosions declined to where, after 1973 they are non-existent. Over the same period, operating pressures for most systems were increased, in the case of boiler pressures increases were from 200 to 3000 psi and above. Pressure relief valves are used to safely contain pressurized gases and liquids. Throughout the years there has been an increased demand for safety in industrial and other related operating practices. These valves are one of the many devices that have been created in conjunction with standardized design and operating practices, for the provision of this very protection. In the past, vessels that now would obviously require relief valves were heated often resulting in drastic increase in pressure within the vessel. This resulted in an extremely dangerous outcome physically for all the parties involved. Pressure valves may be classified into two main categories namely reclosing and non-reclosing. Reclosing devices are the more common of these two groups. They are designed in such a manner that they reclose securely once safe pressure levels have been restored. The second type, the non-reclosing pressure valve, does not reclose nor vent all the fluid built up, for example fusible plugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pressure relief valves are relatively simple pieces of equipment. The operation of these devices involves a spring-loaded disk resting on a seat. When the pressure is low the force on the disk is less than the spring force on the disk and the valve remains closed. The pressure force increases causing a drop in the force that seals the disk on the seat. Once the valve is raised a larger disk area is available for the fluid to flow through providing a lifting force which is directly correlated.

Language in Haiti Essay -- Linguistics

Language in Haiti Language is a major issue in Haiti. Our language is both one of our greatest belongings and one of our greatest baggages. On one hand, it represents the mainstay of our culture, the unique pathway to our true nature; on the other, it sometimes restricts and casts us out by putting us in a box and preventing us from accessing two prime universal bases of knowledge and culture: French and English. Our people, in Haiti and throughout the world, sometimes need to use Creole, French, and English at different times, in different places, to respond to different needs. Creole as mainstay and restriction is Haiti’s current and, most likely, our future reality, and I believe that Creole should be valued and fully integrated in the educational system in Haiti. The two official languages of Haiti are French and Creole. All Haitians speak Creole, while only a very small part of the population can be considered bilingual in French and Creole. Traditionally, the two languages served different functions, with Creole being the informal everyday language of all the people, regardless of the social class, and French considered as the language of formality used in situations such as newspapers, schools, the law and the courts, and official documents and decrees. Nevertheless, because the great majority of Haitians only speak Creole, many efforts have been made in recent years to expand its usage. A language is conventionally composed of arbitrary signals such as voice sounds, gestures, and written symbols; such a system uses its own rules for combining its components, which makes every language unique. Haitian Creole highly relies on proverbs, metaphors, and sublime imagery. Here are a few of these pro... ...ole, and I wish to take part in it. Works Cited Baldwin, James. â€Å"If Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is?† The Composition of Our â€Å"Selves.† 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt. 2000. 123–6. Curtis, Marcia. Preface. The Composition of Our â€Å"Selves.† 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 2000. 103–9. Jordan, June. â€Å"Nobody Mean More to Me Than You.† The Composition of Our â€Å"Selves.† 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt. 2000. 157–163. Katz, Stacey. â€Å"Near-Native Speakers in the Foreign-Language Classroom: The Case of Haitian Immigrant Students†. The Sociolinguistics of Foreign-Language Classrooms. EBSCO. 2003. 08 Nov. 2005 http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db= eric&an=ED481793. White, Michael and David Epston. â€Å"Story, Knowledge, and Power†. The Composition of Our â€Å"Selves.† 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 2000. 64–77.

Error Analysis Lab

Error Analysis Lab By: Lab Team 5 Introduction and Background: In the process of learning about the importance of measurement and data processing, lab teams were given prompts to design experiments as well as address the precision, accuracy, and error analysis within the experiment. Lab teams collaborated their data to find similarities and differences within their measurements. Through this process, students learned the importance of the amount of uncertainty as well as the different types of experimental errors that might have caused a margin of difference within the lab teams results.Measurement and data processing is a topic discussed in IB Chemistry SL; it is important within the scientific community as it discusses the reliability of the data presented. Uncertainty is used to determine a range of a value in a measurement or instrument. Uncertainty of an analogue instrument is plus or minus half of the smallest division present; while uncertainty of a digital scale is plus or mi nus the smallest division present. To identify the amount of uncertainty, significant figures (the digits in measurement up to and including the first uncertain digit) are used.Certain rules are used to discover the number of significant figures in a value: * 1-9 are always significant * included zeroes (1009= 4 significant figures) * leading zeroes never count (0. 023= 2 significant figures) * trailing zeroes after the decimal count (1. 9850= 5 significant figures) Experimental errors are the difference between recorded value and generally accepted or literature value. There are two types of experimental errors: random and systematic errors. Random errors are caused by the readability of a measuring instrument, the effects of changes in the surroundings, insufficient data, and observer misinterpretation.Systematic errors are errors that can not be reduced by repeating experiments or careful experimental design. These errors are caused by poor experimental design as well as improper measurement techniques. Accuracy is the difference between the experimental value and the accepted value. The greater the accuracy, the smaller the systematic error. Precision is the reproducibility of the experimental value. The greater precision, the less the random uncertainties. Purpose: Design laboratories based upon ideas of accuracy, precision and error analysis through creating a procedure and addressing the prompts.Materials: * 13. 5 cm x 10 cm sheet of aluminum foil * Ruler * Balance * Laptop * Micrometer * Silver Cube of Unknown Solid * H2O (via sink) * Timer * Thermometer (in degrees Celsius) * 500 sheets of paper * Caliper * 100 mL graduated cylinder * 10 mL graduated cylinder * 25 mL flask Procedures and Methodologies: Station One (find volume, mass, and density of an unknown cube): 1 Find the height of the silver cube of unknown solid using the micrometer. 2 Find the length of the silver cube of unknown solid using the micrometer. 3 Find the width of the silver cube of unknown solid using the micrometer. Find the mass of the silver cube of unknown solid using the balance. 5 Using the measured length, width and height of the cube of unknown solid, calculate the volume of the cube. 6 Divide the mass of the cube by the volume to find the density of the cube. 7 Using the laptop, identify the type of metal based on the density. Station Two (find a way to measure 10. 5mL of water): 1 Using the 10 mL graduated cylinder, measure out 10 mL of water. 2 Pour the measured water into the 100 mL graduated cylinder. 3 Using the 10 mL graduated cylinder, measure 0. 5 mL of water. Pour the measured water into the 100 mL graduated cylinder, combining with the previously measured 10 mL of water. Station Three (measure the thickness of single sheet of paper and volume of 500 sheets): 1 Measure the height of the stack of paper with the ruler in millimeters (mm). 2 Measure the length of the stack of paper with the ruler in mm. 3 Measure the width of the stack of pap er with the ruler in mm. 4 Calculate the volume of the stack of paper using the ruler’s dimensions in millimeters. 5 Calculate the thickness of one sheet of paper based on the ruler’s dimensions. Divide the height by number of sheets of paper [500 sheets]). 6 Repeat steps 1-5, instead using the caliper for measurements, but still measuring in millimeters. Station Four (calculate the volume of metal cylinder): 1 Using the caliper, measure the height of the cylinder in millimeters. 2 Using the caliper, measure the diameter of the cylinder’s circle in millimeters. 3 Using the volume of a cylinder formula (pi x radius squared x height), calculate the volume of the cylinder. Station Five (Calculate the thickness of aluminum foil): 1 Using a laptop, determine the accepted density for aluminum. Using the electronic balance, measure the mass of the sheet of aluminum foil. 3 Divide the mass by the accepted density to determine the volume. 4 Using the ruler, measure the d imensions (length x width) of the sheet of aluminium. 5 Divide the volume by the dimensions of the aluminum to determine the thickness. Station Six (Measure the temperature of the sink water for 120 seconds): 1 Turn hot water knob on. 2 Hold thermometer under running water. 3 Record temperature at 60 seconds. 4 Record temperature at 90 seconds. 5 Record temperature at 120 seconds. 6 Remove thermometer from water.Station Seven (Determine the circumference, density, and identity of wire): 1 Using the micrometer, find the diameter of the of the wire 2 Multiply the diameter by pi (3. 14) to find the circumference of the wire 3 Using the ruler, find the length of the wire 4 Using the balance, find the mass of the wire 5 Multiply the circumference and the height of the wire to determine the volume 6 Divide mass by volume, to determine the density of the wire. 7 Using the laptop, identify the type of metal based on the density Data Collection: Station One- The results from measuring the vo lume, mass, and density of a unknown cube .Using the density, the lab teams were able to identify the unknown cube. Group| Data| 1| volume=530 +- . 15mm3, mass= 7. 1+-. 05g, density=0. 12+-. 011gmm-3, lead| 2| volume=653+-. 01mm3, mass=7. 1+-. 1g, density=0. 01gmm-3, lead| 3| volume=580+-100mm3, mass 7. 14+-0. 001g, density= 0. 012gmm-3, lead| 4| volume=748+-0. 005mm3, mass= 7. 13g, density=0. 0009gmm-3, lead| 5| volume=727+-1mm3, mass=7. 14+-. 01g, density= . 01gmm-3, lead| 6| volume=621+-0. 05mm3, mass= 7. 15+-0. 01g, density=0. 0115gmm-3, lead| Station Two- Using the different graduated cylinders, lab teams measured out 10. 5 mL of water. Group| Data| 1| 10. +-. 5mL| 2| 10. 5+-. 1mL| 3| 10. 5+-. 05mL| 4| 10. 5+-. 5mL| 5| 10. 5+-. 5mL| 6| 10. 5+-. 5mL| Station Three- Provided with a ruler and micrometer, teams found the thickness of a single sheet of paper and the volume of 500 sheets of paper. Group| Data| 1| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=2950cm3| 2| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=6. 0cm3 | 3| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=3100cm3| 4| thickness=0. 0096cm, volume= 2900cm3| 5| thickness= 0. 01cm, volume= 3100cm3| 6| thickness= 0. 0098cm, volume=2950cm3| Station Four- Given a metal caliper, students were asked to find the volume of a cylinder. Group| Data| 1| volume= 39+-2cm3| 2| volume= 38. +-2cm3| 3| volume= 63+-4. 9cm3| 4| volume=39+-2 cm3| 5| volume=41+- 1cm3| 6| volume= 38. 8+-. 1cm3| Station Five- Students calculated the thickness of a piece of aluminum foil using a balance and ruler. Group| Data| 1| 0. 0018+-0. 0002cm| 2| 0. 01646+-0. 0002cm| 3| 0. 0017+-0. 00002cm| 4| 0. 0022+-0. 00005cm| 5| 0. 00175+-0. 00005cm| 6| 0. 0018cm| Station Six- Lab teams measured the temperature of sink water over 120 seconds. Group| Data| 1| Start= 23+-. 5C, 60=22+-. 5C, 90=22+-. 5C, 120=22. 5C| 2| Start=21. 0+-. 5C, 60=21. 2+-. 5C, 90=21. 5+-. 5C, 120=21. 7+-. 5C| 3| 60=21+-. 5C, 90=22+-. 5C, 120=23+-. 5C| 4| 23+-. 5C| | 60=29C+-. 5, 90=29+-. 5C, 120=29+-. 5C| 6| Start= 21. 5C, 60= 22C , 90= 22. 25C, 120= 22. 5C| Station Seven- Using a micrometer, balance, and ruler, groups were asked to calculate the circumference, density and discover the identity of a wire. Group| Data| 1| circumference=6. 3+-+. 5mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 0033gmm-3| 2| circumference= 1. 19pi mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 011gmm-3| 3| circumference= 3. 14mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 13gmm-3| 4| circumference= 3. 93mm| 5| circumference= 3. 14 mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 13gmm-3| 6| circumference= 1. 23pi mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 307gcm-3|Error Analysis: Station 1 (find volume, mass, and density of an unknown cube) In this particular station, there are no identified outliers. While the mass and density were rather close in value, there was no close range in the measurement of the volume of the unknown cube. This can be seen in the graphs below. Some random errors that may have caused this lack of precision in finding the volume of the unknown cube are misreadings of the instruments, changes in the environment of the experiment, the number of significant figures used, and the experimenter approximating a reading. Station 2 (find a way to measure 10. 5mL of water)In this station, there were two identifies outliers. This included Group 2 and Group 3. They were identified as outliers because of the amount of uncertainty. This two groups had a rather small amount of uncertainty unlike the other four groups with identical amounts of uncertainty. This can be seen in the graph below. The error that would have caused the amount of uncertainty is systematic because water will have clinged to the sides of the graduated cylinder as it was emptying. Another reason it was a systematic error was the fact that too much water could have been added to the graduated cylinder as it was filled.Station 3 There is only one large outlier within this station. In measuring the volume, Group 2 measured the volume to be 6. 0 cm3 while all other groups said the volume was around 3000cm3. This is such a huge gap that it would not be counted as a valuable measurement. Errors that could have occurred in this lab could have been random like the mismeasurement of the volume. The error could have also occurred by the misinterpretation of the question or prompt given. Station 4 The outlier in this station is group 3 with a Station 5 Station 6 Station 7Conclusion and Evaluation: In result of the preformed lab, our team learned the importance of determining error as well as preventing the majority of this error. The large range of results most likely was a result of systematic error. This can be concluded because there were no set directions for each station, and a different procedure could have been used by each lab team. Another source of error can be seen in the difference in sig figs used between groups. Random error most likely was a result of the unfamiliar tools that were used for the first time by many students.

Main objectives of PPC in inventories

The addition of inventory degree may ensue in addition of client demand although the keeping costs are frequently at really high degree the sum and cost non estimated at minimal degree. Concentrating on the minimum cost as a consequence cause neglecting to provide the client demand and its effect is loss for the company. Production is the driving force to which most other maps reacts in any fabrication activity. Particularly with stock lists as it exists because of the demands of production. Like all other fabrication controls, is to lend to the net incomes of the endeavor it is besides ultimate aim of production planning and control. Customers are satisfied through the meeting of bringing agendas and it establishes inventory direction and control. The purposes of production planning and control are to set up paths and agendas for work that will guarantee the optimal use of stuffs, workers, and machines and to supply the agencies for guaranting the operation of the works in conformity with these programs. In production planning and control, the four basic stages of control easy identified. The program for the processing of stuffs through the works established through the maps of procedure planning, burden, and scheduling. The map of despatching puts the program into consequence ; that is, operations started in conformity with the works. Actual public presentation compared to the planned public presentation and action taken when needed restorative. In some instances, re-planning is necessary to guarantee the effectual use of the fabrication installations and forces. Procedure Planning ( Routing ) is the finding of where each operation on a component portion, subassembly, or assembly is to be performed consequences in a path for the motion of a fabrication batch through the mill. Prior finding of these paths is the occupation of the fabrication technology map. Loading is one time the path has been established, the work required can be loaded against the selected machine or workstation. The entire clip required to execute the operation is computed by multiplying the unit operation times given on the standard procedure sheet by the figure of parts to be processed. This entire clip is so added to the work already planned for the workstation. This is the map of burden, and it consequences in a tabulated list or chart demoing the planned use of the machines or workstations in the works. Scheduling is the last of the planning maps. It determines when an operation is to be performed, or when work is to be completed ; the difference lies in the item of the scheduling process. In a centralised control state of affairs – where all procedure planning, burden, and scheduling for the works are done in a cardinal office- the inside informations of the agenda may stipulate the starting and finishing clip for an operation. On the other manus, the cardinal agenda may merely give a completion clip for the work in a given section. Uniting Functions is itself a full procedure. While it is easy to specify â€Å" where † as procedure planning, â€Å" how much work † as burden, and â€Å" when as programming, in existent operations these three maps are frequently combined and performed at the same time. How far in progress paths, tonss, and agendas should be established ever presents an interesting job. Obviously, it is desirable that a lower limit of alterations be made after agendas are established. This nonsubjective can be approached if the sum of work scheduled for the mill or section is equal to or somewhat greater than the fabrication rhythm. For optimal control, it should ne'er be less than the fabrication rhythm. Authorizing the start of an operation on the store floor is the map of despatching. This map may be centralized or decentralized. Again utilizing our machine-shop illustration, the departmental starter would authorise the start of each of the three machine operations – three despatch actions based on the chief ‘s routing and programming of the work through his section. This is de-centralized dispatching. In the fabrication activity of a works is said to be â€Å" in control † when the existent public presentation is within the aims of the planned public presentation. When occupations started and completed on agenda, there should be really small, if any, concern about the meeting of committednesss. Optimum operation of the works, nevertheless attained merely if the original program has been carefully prepared to use the fabrication installations to the full and efficaciously. Corrective action is the anchor of any production planning and control activity. A works in which all fabrication activity runs on agenda in all chance non being scheduled to its optimal productive capacity. With an optimal agenda, fabrication holds are the regulation, non the exclusion. Re-planning non a disciplinary action, it revises paths, tonss, and agendas ; a new program is developed. In fabrication, this is frequently required. Changes in market conditions, fabricating methods, or many other factors impacting the works will frequently bespeak that a new fabrication program needed. Factors impacting production planning and control affects the application of production planning and control to fabrication are the same as the factors we have already discussed that affect stock list direction and control. The complexness of the merchandise that is of import, non what the merchandise is, except as this may in bend relate to the market served. Production control processs are much more complex and affect many more records in the industry of big steam turbine generator sets or engines to client orders so in the production of big measures of a standard merchandise affecting merely a few constituent parts, such as electric covers, steam chainss, or similar little contraptions. Type of fabrication is likely the most influential factor in the control state of affairs. For a big uninterrupted fabrication works bring forthing a standard merchandise, we have already indicated that the routing was included in the planning of the works layout. Though no production control map eliminated, the least control that consequences in effectual operation of the mill is the best control. It must retrieve that production planning and control systems should be tools of direction. The aim is non an elaborate and elaborate system of controls and records, but instead, the optimal operation of the works for maximal net incomes. Production planning and control systems accent on the control of work-in-process, the system will in consequence tie together all old records and signifiers developed in all planning for the industry of the merchandise. Value to production planning and control is that it will bespeak future tendencies in demand for manufactured merchandise. Work shift policies, plans for an addition or lessening in fabrication activity, or possible works enlargements may frequently based upon the market prognosiss, in bend affect the planning of the production planning, and control group. Blueprints and measures of stuffs used by production planning and control when they become a component portion of the packaged instructions issued to the store through the control office. One good planning process is to roll up all necessary informations for a store order in a individual bundle the standard procedure sheet, the design, the measure of stuff ( if an assembly operation is involved ) , the path sheet, and perchance the agenda for the production of the order. The store order, the standard procedure sheet, and the path sheet are frequently one piece of paper- normally called the store order or the fabrication order. Load charts are prepared to demo the productive capacity that has been â€Å" sold † and at the same clip the available productive capacity. These charts may be prepared for each workstation or machine in the works, or they may be for groups of machines or sections. Job tickets authorize the public presentation of single operations in the fabrication procedure. There is no individual form for the organisation of the production planning and control activity. In many little workss, the routing, burden, and scheduling maps may good be included in the responsibilities of the operating line ; the store director, superintended, and supervisors. However, it is hard to unite daily work with equal planning, and as a consequence it is frequently more executable to interrupt away the production planning and control maps and delegate them to qualified specializers. These groups should form as staff subdivisions usually describing to the top fabrication executive. Centralized PPC depends upon the design of the production planning and control system. In a wholly centralised apparatus, finding of transportation promises, analysis of gross revenues, stock, and store orders, readying of paths, burden charts, and agenda charts, and dispatching of work to the store complete with occupation tickets and all other necessary paper would be accomplished by a cardinal production planning and control unit. In add-on, as work is completed, a careful analysis of the existent public presentation would do, and if disciplinary action were required, this group would originate it. In decentralized PPC the program must develop into a elaborate program on the store floor. Some companies are now endeavoring to do each supervisor a director of his ain departmental operation. In these instances, the supervisor furnished with a complete staff for the production planning and control of the activities in the section. Planing Phase indicates some inside informations of the responsibilities involved in the production-planning stage. Working from the basic informations mentioned earlier, the forces in this portion of the activity paths and burden and agenda charts. In Control Phase completed occupation ticket, or its tantamount, is the key to this stage of the production planning and control system. It means of describing from the store floor that indicates that a occupation is completed or if day-to-day occupation tickets turned in, the day-to-day advancement of a occupation can be determined. Good relationships with other maps all the other maps in the endeavor are indispensable to effectual production planning and control. Full cooperation with the selling group is necessary, peculiarly in position of the importance of market conditions and the good will of clients. Both merchandise technology and procedure technology must maintain production planning and control informed as to their programs to avoid the industry of goods either to incorrect specifications or by an improper method. The cost of the control system in relation to the value of goods shipped is another possibility. Again, nevertheless, this may non be sound: if markets slump, a bad ratio will develop. Many good production planning and control systems have discontinued because of â€Å" high costs † under these conditions- and have ne'er revived after concern lookout up. In a survey of benefits and costs of computerized production planning and control systems, Schroeder et Al. name the undermentioned public presentation standards by which production planning and control systems might judge: Inventory turnover Delivery lead-time Percentage of clip meeting bringing promises Percentage of orders necessitating â€Å" splits † because of unavailable stuff. Number of expeditors Average unit cost. The research subject is Production Planning and Control ( PPC ) with particular accents on Performance Measurement ( PM ) . Proper planning in all countries for any industry like Site Selection, Building, Machinery, Transportation, Availability of Materials, Procurement of Materials, Production, Quality Control, Yield, Efficacy, Performance are the basic entities for endurance and growing. The cardinal axes of all such activities, we capable of reasoning that Production Planning & A ; Control and Performance Measurement is the cardinal axes for all such planning procedures. Bird oculus position of industrial units in under developed states shows a image of less efficiency and output. They have machinery for production, inexpensive labor, and handiness of inexpensive natural stuffs. However, no good output and efficiency attained. This is merely because there is no proper consideration on Production Planning & A ; Control and Performance Measurement if they focus on, Site Choice Building Machinery Transportation system Handiness of Materials Procurement of Materials Production Quality Control Output Efficacy Performance of both machine and working force This research work analyzed the assorted factors, which are important for planing the production planning and control cheque, listed out the factors act uponing the pick of production procedure. It besides explained the design of production system and fabrication procedure establishes the basic grounds and causes those effects of PPC and PM in industrial sector. It described the benefits, which a little enterpriser can harvest by holding decently designed production planning, and control system. More over it established the relationship between PPC and PM. Precise aims of production planning and control are to establish paths and program for work that will do certain the optimal disbursement of stuffs, workers, and machines and to supply the agencies for guaranting the operation of the works in harmoniousness with these programs. The factors that influence the application of production planning and control to fabrication are the same as the factors that affect stock list direction and control. Equally for as the public presentation measuring concerned in an administration there is a mechanism to pull off and command the public presentation, measuring called public presentation measuring system ( PMS ) . The administrations that use PMS as the footing for its operations and development, the wellness of the administration depends on the effectivity of the production direction system. Performance is a complex undertaking that spans the whole administration for procedure of reexamining. Involving the appropriate individuals to pass sufficient clip to reexamine the production direction system is a dearly-won exercising. However, it is really of import to the uninterrupted accommodation of the concern and its public presentation orientation in today ‘s markets. A good production direction system, reappraisal procedure, seeks the right balance between the administration benefits and the attempts required. The public presentation measuring system for any industry in under developed states requires developing and reexamining at a figure of different degrees as the state of affairs alterations. The public presentation measuring system should include an effectual mechanism for reexamining and revising marks and criterions. The public presentation measuring system should include a procedure for developing single steps as public presentation and fortunes alteration. The public presentation measuring system should include a procedure for sporadically reexamining and revising the complete set of steps in usage. This should make to co-occur with alterations in either the competitory environment or strategic way. The public presentation measuring system should used to dispute the strategic premises. It besides found out that the procedure squad is normally responsible for reappraisal the consequences and study to the procedure proprietor. The reappraisal trades largely with operational indexs. Although the consequences of the reappraisals reported to the procedure proprietor, in order to work out possible jobs or better procedures, the model extremely encourages the coaction between different procedure proprietors. At this degree, the procedure proprietor can amend operational indexs, guaranting their alliance to strategic indexs. Any alterations, even minor, will alter the system ( impact on the PM system design ) and later the execution process in footings of informations aggregation, IT considerations ( if any ) , describing and so on ( impact on execution ) . This attack, Specify the frequence, format, and duty. The frequence of reappraisal, format in which informations are gathered and individual ( s ) who is/are responsible for this identified Monitor and command the procedure. Once the needed information gathered, it monitored in a manner demoing whether the procedure is under control and traveling towards the marks set for the indexs. If any accommodations are required, the attacks defined in the following stairss will be helpful. In this attack, one needs to name the most critical facets of the job and to find the root causes of the job. Once the root causes of the jobs identified, redresss should be proposed and implemented. Following that, it must guarantee that the solutions are effectual and similar jobs will non make. There are figure of tools and techniques for monitoring, commanding, look intoing and job resolution. These can include, Effect diagram and cause Run chart Scatter diagram Flow chart Pareto chart Histogram Control chart There are seven direction tools identified during research work which can assist in PMS Affinity diagram Interrelationship digram Tree diagram Prioritisation grid Matrix diagram Process determination plan chart Activity web diagram In today ‘s quickly germinating and altering market place, flexibleness considered indispensable to the fight of any administration. To this terminal, it is of import that a company possesses the ability to alter its strategic orientation as times dictate. Therefore, the periodic reappraisal of its strategic indexs is important. This reappraisal will measure the overall public presentation of the administration at the strategic degree. One of the chief inputs to this reappraisal procedure is information from the operational indexs degree. This information is indispensable, if accommodations needed to the strategic index degree, since it can supply the platform for executing statistical and other relevant analyses. The chief considerations for it are: In accomplishing its strategic aims effectivity of the administration The cogency of any hypotheses sing organizational public presentation developed during the design phases of the public presentation measuring system ; The cogency of possible relationship amongst public presentation indexs The Executive Team will be in charge for this sort of reappraisal. As mentioned before, the impact of any alterations in steps should see in the PMS design and execution consequently. Due to the presence of the Executive Team, any elements of the generic PMS design attack can change. However, for most administrations altering the way so often seems to be improbable. Changing the organizational way can be cardinal alterations that may necessitate re-design of the system. Therefore, if the administration is making good, merely some amendments in steps and procedures might be required. During the research work, it concluded that the reappraisal of the strategic indexs might hold a diverse impact on the PMS. In the executive squad meeting ( the same squad that defines the strategic indexs ) if it becomes obvious that the administration fails to travel efficaciously towards its strategic aims so the causes should be analysed and might include: Under-performance at a lower degree Strategic aims are non communicated efficaciously Strategic aims have non been defined decently Validity/Relevance of the aims It is obvious that depending on the issue identified the class of action should be different for each single instance. The supports tools that may be used include the antecedently mentioned tools plus more specifically the followers: Swerve analysis tools a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Control Charts Relationship analysis Tools a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Correlation analysis, Multivariate analysis, Cause and consequence diagrams, Pareto charts Checking the consistence of the PMS communicating a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Departmental studies and input Overall Review tends to be in an one-year footing, in which the followers considerations taken into history, The cogency of the mission and vision statements Whether the company ‘s strategic aim still back up the mission and vision of the administration There are figure of support tools used for the overall reappraisal of the PMS which are larger scale reappraisal tools that affect the overall organizational way and orientation. To this terminal they can be categorised as internal tools, i.e. tools that compare the organizational public presentation to a set criterion of practise, and external tools, i.e. tools that concentrate on comparing the organizational public presentation to rivals and good or best-practice administrations.RECCOMENDATIONSEver in production planning procedure see two chief aims To fulfilling client demand To accomplishment of the lowest cost Procedure planning ( Routing ) must be required for production planning and control Loading the work required against the selected machine or workstation Scheduling for the inventry for be aftering maps Uniting maps in a full procedure Dispatching i-e. authorising the start of an operation on the store floor should be seasonably Reporting or follow – up for all procedures, production and public presentations Corrective actions for production planning and control extremely recmended Re-planning factors for all sercomstances Issues which can impacting production planning and control Type of Merchandise Type of Manufacturing Production Planning and Control Procedures followed Production Planning and Control Systems followed Market prognosis ever checked before get downing production Gross saless order should stipulate that what has coustomer has purchased Stock order should stipulate that what has left over in stock Shop order should stipulate that what is pipe line for fabrication Standard procedure sheet generated Engineering specifications considered and maintained Route sheet ever followed Load Charts formulated Job Tickets assighned In an organisation there should be no individual form for the organisation of the production planning and control activity Centralized Production Planning and Control for certain procedures Decentralized Production Planning and Control harmonizing to state of affairs and requirments Good relationships with other maps in an organisation Measurement of effectiveness vision, mission and planning on a regular basis Site Selection should be made in conformity with handiness of natural stuffs, work force and transit Building made harmonizing to demands and forecosted upon 10 old ages future requirmants Machinery should be up dated Transportation system of stuffs and merchandises through quick services Handiness of Materials ever on a regular basis checked Procurement of Materials in conformity with order Production planning and control should be practical Quality Control is your basic undertaking Output should be checked on a regular basis Efficacy of mashines and homo maintained Performance of both machine and working force moniteredRECCOMENDATIONSThe public presentation measuring system should include an effectual mechanism for reexamining and revising marks and criterions. The public presentation measuring system should include a procedure for developing single steps as public presentation and fortunes alteration. The public presentation measuring system should include a procedure for sporadically reexamining and revising the complete set of steps in usage. This should make to co-occur with alterations in either the competitory environment or strategic way. The public presentation measuring system should used to dispute the strategic premises. There are figure of tools and techniques for monitoring, commanding, look intoing and job resolution and they be considered, Effect diagram and cause Run chart Scatter diagram Flow chart Pareto chart Histogram Control chart There are seven direction tools identified during research work, which can assist in PMS, and used by organisations / establishments for public presentation measuring. Affinity diagram Interrelationship digram Tree diagram Prioritisation grid Matrix diagram Process determination plan chart Activity web diagram In the executive squad meeting if an fails to travel efficaciously towards its strategic aims so the causes should be analysed and might include: Under-performance at a lower degree Strategic aims are non communicated efficaciously Strategic aims have non been defined decently Validity/Relevance of the aims The supports tools for the class of action should besides include, Swerve analysis tools a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Control Charts Relationship analysis Tools a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Correlation analysis, Multivariate analysis, Cause and consequence diagrams, Pareto charts Checking the consistence of the PMS communicating a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Departmental studies and input Always check the cogency of the mission and vision statements and the company ‘s strategic aim still back up the mission and vision of the administration.